C. A. Janeway, P. Travers, M. Walport, and M. J. Shlomchik. Immunobiology : the immune system in health and disease. Garland Science Publishing, sixth edition, 2005.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....response of natural immune systems, that can be seen as a complex pattern recognition device with the main goal of protecting our body from malefic external invaders, called antigens. Antibodies are the primary immune elements that bind to antigens for their posterior destruction by other cells [9]. The number of antibodies contained in our immune system is known to be much inferior to the number of possible antigens, making the diversity and individual binding capability the most important properties to be exhibited by the antibody repertoire. In this paper, we present a simulated ....

Janeway Jr., C. A. & P. Travers, Immunobiology The Immune System in Health and Disease, Artes Mdicas (in Portuguese), 2 nd Ed, 1997.

....it illustrates the importance of choosing the right characteristic for the application domain: It is essential to choose the equivalent of proteins that can be used to reliably discriminate between self and nonself. 3 For truly comprehensive references, the interested reader should consult [35, 25, 33]. 4 This de nition can be generalized to include classi cation in multiple categories, not only the two categories of self and nonself. c 1999 by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Evolutionary Computation 7(1) 45 68 3.2 DETECTORS Natural immune systems consist of many di erent kinds ....

.... each type of MHC can be regarded as a di erent way of representing a 10 For example, there are some viruses, such as the Epstein Barr virus, that have evolved dominant peptides which cannot be bound by particular MHC types, leaving individuals who have those MHC types vulnerable to the disease [25]. c 1999 by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Evolutionary Computation 7(1) 45 68 protein (depending on which peptides it presents) in e ect, the IS uses multiple representations, or views, of proteins. Multiple representations can reduce the overall number of holes, because di erent ....

C. A. Janeway and P. Travers. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease, 3rd Edition. Current Biology Ltd., London, 1996.

.... in all cases detecting at least 44 of the nonself strings present 4 For example, there are some viruses, such as the Epstein Barr virus, that have evolved dominant peptides that cannot be bound by particular MHC types, leaving individuals who have those MHC types vulnerable to the disease [29]. 382 Immunology as Information Processing in each trace. The various mechanisms were found to be useful: Activation thresholds reduce false positives by up to a factor of 10; the sensitivity mechanism is useful for detecting distributed coordinated attacks; costimulation reduces false positives ....

Janeway, C. A., and P. Travers. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease, 3d ed. London: Current Biology Ltd., 1996.

....re learn to recognize the pathogens, because it remembers their specific appearance, and so can 1 In [Hofmeyr, 1998] a more detailed overview of immunology is given, but one that is still accessible to non immunologists. For detailed references, the interested reader should consult [Piel, 1993, Janeway Travers, 1996, Paul, 1989] 7 mount a much more rapid and efficient secondary response. The secondary response is usually quick enough so that there are no clinical indications of a re infection. Immune memory can confer protection up to the life time of the organism (a canonical example is measles) The ....

....improving the robustness of a population to a particular type of pathogen. For example, there are some viruses, such as the Epstein Barr virus, that have evolved dominant peptides that cannot be bound by particular MHC types, leaving individuals who have those MHC types vulnerable to the disease [Janeway Travers, 1996]. The genetic diversity conferred by MHC is so important that it has been proposed that the main reason for the continuance of sexual reproduction is to confer maximally varied MHC types upon offspring [Hamilton, et al. 1990] There are some studies with mice that support this theory. These ....

Janeway, C. A. & Travers, P. (1996). Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease, 3rd Edition. Current Biology Ltd.: London.

....(known as an autoimmune response) In the body, both kinds of errors are harmful, so the IS has apparently evolved to minimize those errors; similarly, the goal of ARTIS is to minimize both kinds of errors. See figure 1. 3 For truly comprehensive references, the interested reader should consult [35, 25, 33]. 4 This definition can be generalized to include classification in multiple categories, not only the two categories of self and nonself. 4 detection system self nonself universe false positives false negatives Figure 1: A two dimensional representation of a universe of strings. Each ....

.... each detection node is equivalent to changing the shape of the de 10 For example, there are some viruses, such as the Epstein Barr virus, that have evolved dominant peptides which cannot be bound by particular MHC types, leaving individuals who have those MHC types vulnerable to the disease [25]. 11 We have also used other methods of changing the representation. This is the simplest. See [20] for details. 12 holes holes Figure 5: The existence of holes. There are strings in the nonself set that cannot be covered by valid negative detectors of a given specificity (match length r) ....

C. A. Janeway and P. Travers. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease, 3rd Edition. Current Biology Ltd., London, 1996.

.... model eliminates this complication (except for the sensitivity level) 4 For example, there are some viruses, such as the EpsteinBarr virus, that have evolved dominant peptides which cannot be bound by particular MHC types, leaving individuals who have those MHC types vulnerable to the disease [15]. no match during tolerization period match anything during tolerization period don t exceed activation threshold during lifetime randomly created mature naive immature death activated exceed activation threshold no costimulation costimulation memory match ....

C. A. Janeway and P. Travers. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease, 3rd Edition. Current Biology Ltd., London, 1996.

....called antigen, occurs when immune system detectors, including T cells, B cells, and antibodies, bind to antigen. Binding between detector and antigen is determined by the physical and chemical properties of binding regions on the cell surface. Binding is 1 A good source for basic immunology is [14]. highly specific, so each detector recognizes only a limited set of structurally related antigen. When a detector and antigen bind, a complex set of events is initiated, often resulting in elimination of the antigen by scavenger cells called macrophages. How antigen is bound and cleared depends ....

C. A. Janeway and P. Travers. Immunobiology: the immune system in health and disease. Current Biology Ltd., London, 2nd edition, 1996.

.... the cell surface, immune system cells secrete a wide variety of molecules 2 For example, there are some viruses, such as the EpsteinBarr virus, that have evolved dominant peptides which cannot be bound by particular MHC types, leaving individuals who have those MHC types vulnerable to the disease [10]. known collectively as cytokines. These cytokines diffuse from the site where they were secreted, and in turn play a role in stimulating or suppressing other immune system cells. Thus, cells that detect pathogens can communicate using these molecular signals with cells that assist in eliminating ....

C. A. Janeway and P. Travers. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease, 3rd Edition. Current Biology Ltd., London, 1996.

....The immune system is comprised of cells and molecules. 1 Recognition of foreign protein, called antigen, occurs when immune system detectors, including T cells, B cells, and anti y Currently on leave at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. 1 A good source for basic immunology is [6] and a computer scientist s overview of immunology is given in http: www.cs.unm.edu steveah imm html immune system.html. Infect Recognize Destroy Figure 1: An Overview of the Immune System. Infections, shown in red, bacteria, viruses, or parasites) are recognized by immune system detectors (T ....

C. A. Janeway and P. Travers. Immunobiology: the immune system in health and disease. Current Biology Ltd., London, 2nd edition, 1996.

....because it is responsible for immunity that is adaptively acquired during the lifetime of the organism. Because the adaptive immune system provides the most potential from a computer security viewpoint, we will focus on it in this overview. The material for this overview is largely based on [11]; we necessarily leave out many important details and emphasize the aspects most relevant to this paper. The adaptive immune system can be viewed as a distributed detection system which consists primarily of white blood cells, called lymphocytes. Lymphocytes function as small independent detectors ....

C. A. Janeway and P. Travers. Immunobiology: the immune system in health and disease. Current Biology Ltd., London, 2nd edition, 1996.

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C. A. Janeway, P. Travers, M. Walport, and M. J. Shlomchik. Immunobiology : the immune system in health and disease. Garland Science Publishing, sixth edition, 2005.

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Charles A. Janeway, Paul Travers, Mark Walport, and Mark Shlomchik. Immunobiology The Immune System in Health and Disease. New York : Garland ; Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone., 2001. 45

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Janeway, C. A., Jr., and P. Travers, eds. 1994. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. Garland Publications, New York.

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C. Janeway, Immunobiology : the immune system in health and disease, 4th ed. London Current Biology Publica- tions: New York NY US, 1999.

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Janeway Jr, C. A. & P. Travers (1997), "Immunobiology The Immune System in Health and Disease", Artes Mdicas (in Portuguese), 2 nd Ed.

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