Bill Swartout and Yolanda Gil. "EXPECT: Explicit Representations for Flexible Acquisition". In Proceedings of the Ninth Knowledge Acquisition for Knowledge-Based Systems Workshop, February 26-March 3, 1995. Banff, Alberta, Canada.  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....allows any part of the problem solving knowledge to be inspected and changed by a user. In their approach, a partially completed KBS can be analyzed to find missing problem solving knowledge that forms the roles to be filled. This is done as part of the interdependency analysis performed by EXPECT [Swartout Gil, 1995; Kim Gil, 1999] which looks at how both problem solving knowledge and factual knowledge is used in the intelligent system. This work extended the role limiting approach to acquire problem solving knowledge and to determine the roles dynamically. However, Gil and Melz s tools were not adequate ....

Swartout, W. and Gil, Y. 1995. EXPECT: Explicit Representations for Flexible Acquisition. In Proc. Ninth Knowledge Acquisition for KnowledgeBased Systems Workshop.

....ANALysis) and it helps users build or modify process models by detecting invalid statements and pointing out what additional knowledge needs to be acquired or what existing knowledge needs to be modified. Our approach is inspired on previous work on EXPECT using Interdependency Models (IM) [Swartout Gil, 1995; Kim Gil, 2000] These models of the interdependencies between different pieces of knowledge can be derived by analyzing how knowledge is used during problem solving. By analyzing these interdependencies, a knowledge acquisition tool can detect inconsistencies and missing knowledge and alert ....

Swartout, W. & Gil, Y. EXPECT: Explicit representations for flexible acquisition. In Proceedings of KAW-95, 1995.

....C Theta As member : Obj Theta Os sof t Gamma hard Gamma info : C sof t; hard The expression of an objective, as with the other constraints, is defined by providing a structuring plug in grammar. This approach is partially based on the way flexible tasks and goals are expressed in EXPECT [34, 33] and INSPECT [46] 4.3.1 Issues The focus on issues in i n ova is a unique approach which is linked to ideas found in workflow perspectives and issue based collaborative design. Essentially an issue is, an outstanding aim, objective, preference, task, or flaw which remains to be addressed by ....

B. Swartout and Y. Gil. EXPECT: Explicit representations for flexible acquisition. In Proceedings of the Ninth Knowledge Acquisition for Knowledge-Based Systems Workshop, February 1995.

.... AGENT) to analyze(object: OBJECT) to modify(object: OBJECT) to configure( to assess(instrument: INSTRUMENT) result: RESULT) to diagnose(result: RESULT) Figure 3: Taxonomy of Tasks (Taken from [BvdV94] We assume that tasks can be described best with verbs ( BvdV94] SG95] 4 ) and to put emphasis on this aspect we use to do forms. We augment the nodes in the taxonomy with the semantic roles which have to (or can be) filled according to the spirit of Fillmore s Case Grammar ( Fil68] Fil77] Fillmore proposes a finite set of semantic roles some of which are ....

....set of semantic roles some of which are obligatory, others are facultative, and which can be used to describe what constituents a verb demands allows and how the semantics of a sentence can be composed out of the constituents according to the role they play in the whole sentence 5 . 4 In [SG95] a similar framework for describing goals is used, however, the explicit notion of pre and post conditions is not taken into consideration there. 5 Example: The doctor diagnoses the patient s disease. Fillmore proposes a notation independent from syntax which makes clear the semantic role a ....

B. Swartout and Y. Gill. EXPECT: Explicit Representation for Flexible Acquisition. In B.R. Gaines and M. Musen, editors, Proceedings of the 9th Banff Knowledge Acquisition for Knowledge-Based Systems Workshop, volume 2, February 26- March 3 1995.

....a wider range of knowledge based systems and modi#cations #e.g. #Gil, 1994; Yost, 1993##. These tools are independent of the method and do not restrict the type of modi#cations that can be done. The trade o# for this gain in #exibility is that they provide a weaker support. In EXPECT #Gil, 1994; Swartout Gil, 1995#, the expectations for guiding knowledge based system modi#cation are based on the understanding of the interactions among system components. Based in this understanding, EXPECT is able to detect inconsistencies in the knowledge based system and to suggest changes that might #x them. However, ....

....which steps have already been executed, which one is being executed now, and which are still pending. Wehave built a script based knowledge acquisition tool called ETM. ETM is a tool for supporting modi#cations of EXPECT knowledge based systems whichwas also built integrated to the EXPECT system #Swartout Gil, 1995; Gil, 1994#. 7 5 EXPECT: a knowledge based system Framework and Baseline knowledge acquisition tool EXPECT is an environment for building and modifying knowledge based systems. EXPECT provides three key capabilities: a knowledge based system representation framework, a problem solving ....

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Swartout, B. & Gil, Y. #1995#. EXPECT: Explicit Representations for Flexible Acquisition. In Proceedings of the Ninth Knowledge-Acquisition for Knowledge-Based Systems Workshop, Ban#, Alberta, Canada.

....by itself, based upon which the engineer proceeds to design an application and then program a computer system. Design issues are left to a separate model, the design model, which is distinct from the model of expertise where psms are specified. Other research groups such as (Klinker et al. 1991; Swartout Gil, 1995; Chandrasekaran, 1986) have proposed libraries that use a different approach. Whenever a model has been specified, a number of program modules or routines are provided (or must be programmed) that can immediately operationalize the model into a working system. For example, in the expect ....

....1986) have proposed libraries that use a different approach. Whenever a model has been specified, a number of program modules or routines are provided (or must be programmed) that can immediately operationalize the model into a working system. For example, in the expect architecture (Swartout Gil, 1995), a method is expressed in terms of goal decompositions up to the point where a level of primitive methods, implemented as CommonLisp functions, is reached. By using this strategy, expect can compile a method specified in abstract, knowledge level, terms into a CommonLisp program. Of course, ....

Swartout, W. & Gil, Y. (1995). Expect: Explicit representations for flexible acquisition. In Proceedings of the Ninth Knowledge Acquisition for Knowledge-Based Systems Workshop.

.... knowledgebased systems (KBSs) This is manifested by the fact that the notion of PSM is present in leading knowledge engineering frameworks such as Task Structures [CJS92] Role Limiting Methods [Mar88a] CommonKADS [SWdH 94] Protege [Mus93] MIKE [AFS98] Components of Expertise [Ste90] EXPECT [SG95] GDM [TvHWS93] and VITAL [DMW93] PSMs describe the reasoning process of a knowledge based system (KBS) in an implementation and domain independent manner. Work on PSMs covers different areas such as the identification of task specific PSMs (for diagnosis, planning, assessment, etc. how to ....

W. Swartout and Y. Gil. Expect: Explicit representations for flexible acquisition. In Proceedings of the Ninth Knowledge Acquisition for KnowledgeBased Systems Workshop, 1995.

....support for a wider range of KBSs and modifications (e.g. Gil, 1994, Yost, 1993] These tools are independent of the method and do not restrict the type of modifications that can be done. The trade off for this gain in flexibility is that they provide a weaker support. In EXPECT ( Gil, 1994, Swartout and Gil, 1995]) the expectations for guiding KBS modification are based on the understanding of the interactions among KBS components. Based in this understanding, EXPECT is able to suggest changes to the KBS that might fix inconsistencies introduced by prior modifications. However, these suggestions are ....

....KA Script with indications of which steps have already been executed, which one is being executed now, and which are still pending. We have built a script based KA tool called ETM. ETM is a tool for supporting modifications of EXPECT KBSs which was also built integrated to the EXPECT system ([Swartout and Gil, 1995, Gil, 1994] 5 EXPECT: a KBS Framework and Baseline KA tool EXPECT is an environment for building and modifying knowledge based systems. EXPECT provides three key capabilities: a KBS representation framework, a problem solving environment, and a KA tool. We introduce some aspects of EXPECT as ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Bill Swartout and Yolanda Gil. EXPECT: Explicit Representations for Flexible Acquisition. In Proceedings of the Ninth Knowledge-Acquisition for Knowledge-Based Systems Workshop, Banff, Alberta, Canada, 1995.

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Bill Swartout and Yolanda Gil. "EXPECT: Explicit Representations for Flexible Acquisition". In Proceedings of the Ninth Knowledge Acquisition for Knowledge-Based Systems Workshop, February 26-March 3, 1995. Banff, Alberta, Canada.

....(Knowledge ANALysis) and it helps users build or modify process models by detecting invalid statements and pointing out what additional knowledge needs to be acquired or what existing knowledge needs to be modified. Our approach is inspired on previous work on EXPECT using Interdependency Models [Swartout Gil, 1995; Kim Gil, 2000] These models of the interdependencies between different pieces of knowledge can be derived by analyzing how knowledge is used during problem solving. By analyzing these interdependencies, a knowledge acquisition tool can detect inconsistencies and missing knowledge and alert ....

Swartout, W. & Gil, Y. EXPECT: Explicit representations for flexible acquisition. In Proceedings of KAW-95, 1995.

....a matching algorithm that uses a semantic goal representation based on description logic. Each goal is translated into a description, and matching relies on the reasoning performed by a classifier to determine which rules unify with the posted goal. Our work stems from the EXPECT project [ Swartout and Gil, 1995; Gil, 1994; Gil and Melz, 1996 ] and its predecessor system EES [ Swartout , 1991 ] an architecture for developing knowledge based systems that is tightly coupled with LOOM [ MacGregor, 1988; 1991 ] a description logic system. EXPECT represents domain objects and classes in LOOM, as well as ....

W. R. Swartout and Y. Gil. EXPECT: Explicit representations for flexible acquisition. , Banff, Alberta, Canada, 1995.

....that they must conduct with the user, integrate the new knowledge with existing knowledge, and make appropriate generalizations. In past research, we developed several acquisition interfaces [10, 2, 18] all using EXPECT as an underlying framework for knowledge representation and reasoning [17]. Each interface addressed different issues and helped the user in different ways as they add knowledge to a system, yet none could individually claim to be able to support a user appropriately. This paper presents an integrated acquisition interface that combines these approaches, providing ....

W. R. Swartout and Y. Gil. Expect: Explicit representations for flexible acquisition. In Proc. Ninth Knowledge Acquisition for Knowledge-Based Systems Workshop,Banff, Alberta, 1995.

....On the other hand, there are code libraries, like SBF [Klinker et al. 1991] or PROTG [Musen 1992] where the main components are program modules that are described in high level terms but are essentially meant to be asembed and implemented into a knowledge based system. The EXPECT framework [Swartout and Gil 1995; Gil 1994] combines both views. It lends itself to building self organizing libraries [Swartout et al. 1999] in the sense that tools can automatically find the right place for a new method in the library and can use the methods stored in the library to build a problem solver for a specific ....

Swartout, W.R. and Gil, Y. Expect: Explicit Representations for Flexible Acquisition in Proceedings of the Ninth Knowledge Acquisition for Knowledge-Based Systems Workshop (KAW'95) Banff, Canada, February 26-March 3, 1995

....the knowledge based system being built. To make this more concrete, we will begin by briefly reviewing three well known acquisition systems: TEIREISIAS [Davis 1976] SALT [Marcus 1988] PROTG II [Musen and Tu 1993] We will then describe EXPECT, the acquisition framework we have been developing [Swartout and Gil 1995, Gil 1994, Gil and Paris 1994] Each of these four systems represents a point along the trend we outlined above. We conclude with a discussion about how these systems make the knowledge structures they use for acquisition more or less explicit, and summarize the implications of these differences ....

....tool itself. PROTG II doesn t allow such changes because its methods are pre configured and the mapping between method and domain ontologies is fixed at system design time. Since PROTG II s knowledge acquisition tool is derived from that mapping, it too is fixed at design time. The idea in EXPECT [Swartout and Gil 1995, Gil 1994, Gil and Paris 1994] is to derive the interdependencies between domain knowledge and problem solving methods automatically, and to be able to re derive the dependencies as needed when changes are made to the problem solving knowledge. This approach allows a user to modify either the ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Swartout, B. and Gil, Y. "EXPECT: Explicit Representations for Flexible Acquisition" in Proceedings of the Ninth Knowledge Acquisition for Knowledge-Based Systems Workshop (KAW'95) Banff, Canada, February 26-March 3, 1995.

....of the challenges of this work is to devise a methodology and experimental procedure for conducting user studies of KA tools. As KA researchers, we wanted to test our approach and KA tools with end users. A central themeof our KA research has been howKA tools can exploit Interdependency Models (Swartout Gil 1995) that relate individual components of the knowledge base in order to develop expectations of what users need to add next. To give an example of interdependencies, suppose that the user is building a KBS for a configuration task that finds constraint violations and then applies fixes to them ....

.... Gil 1999) is a knowledge acquisition tool that allows users to specify problem solving knowledge. This section summarizes the functionalityof the tool, further details and comparison with other tools are provided in (Kim Gil 1999) EMeD is built within the EXPECT framework (Gil Melz 1996; Swartout Gil 1995). EXPECT s knowledge base contains ontologies that describe the objects in a domain, and problem solving methods that describe how tasks are achieved. Tasks are specified as goal hierarchies, where a goal is broken into smaller subgoals all the way down to primitive or basic tasks. The ....

Swartout, W., and Gil, Y. 1995. EXPECT: Explicit representations for flexible acquisition. In Proceedings of the Ninth Knowledge-Acquisition for Knowledge-Based Systems Workshop.

....the request properly, 2) support negotiation and brokering, and (3) adapt dynamically as the agents or their environment change over time. To address the above concerns, our capabilities matcher draws from previous work on matching problem solving methods within the EXPECT architecture (Gil Swartout 1995). In our approach, task descriptions are tightly integrated with ontological descriptions, in our case specified in Loom (MacGregor 1991; Gil Gonzalez 1996) a knowledge representation system based on description logic. Using ontologies, we represent information about people, projects (their ....

Gil, Y., and Swartout, B. 1995. Expect: Explicit representations for flexible acquisition. In Proc. Ninth Knowledge Acquisition for Knowledge-Based Systems Workshop.

....helping to make them more understandable (Swartout, Paris, Moore 1991) An important aspect of the systems we have implemented that use this expressive representation is how they reason with it, exploiting subsumption and reformulation as we describe next. Further details can be found in (Swartout Gil 1995; Gil Melz 1996) Capabilities are translated into Loom definitions, following an algorithm described in (Gil Gonzalez 1996) For example, compute OBJ #spec of factorial# OF #5 7# is translated into: #defconcept compute factorial of numbers :is #:and compute #:the obj #:and ....

.... WITH (inst of aircraft) Goal: move OBJ (inst of cargo) WITH C 140 OBJ WITH method 1 vehicle cargo move OBJ WITH method 2 aircraft cargo move OBJ WITH method 3 ship cargo move OBJ WITH goal 1 C 140 cargo move Figure 1: Translating capabilities into Loom descriptions see (Swartout Gil 1995). Goal reformulations allow us to state the description of method capabilities more independently from the descriptions of the goals that are posted by other methods or by the user. The benefit is a more loose coupling between methods and tasks, i.e. between what is to be accomplished and what ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Swartout, W. R., and Gil, Y. 1995. Expect: Explicit representations for flexible acquisition. In Proc. Ninth Knowledge Acquisition for Knowledge-Based Systems Workshop.

....relating individual changes of di#erent parts of a KBS, and hence enabling the analysis of eachchange from the perspective of the overall modi#cation. Figure 1 shows an example of a typical procedure for modifying a KBS. In our knowledge representation framework which is EXPECT #Gil Melz 1996; Swartout Gil 1995; Gil 1994#, a knowledge based system includes a model of the domain and problemsolving methods for achieving goals in that domain. The domain model describes concepts, relations, and their instances. A problem solving method #or method for short# consist of a capability description that indicates ....

....size of the whole library before completing its development. An implemented KA Script Library Wehave implemented a KA script library to be used with ETM #Gil Tallis 1997#, a script based knowledge acquisition tool that supports modi#cations of EXPECT knowledge based systems #Gil Melz 1996; Swartout Gil 1995; Gil 1994#. The following are the regions of the KA script library that wehave implemented: 1. KA Scripts to followanytype of change to a goal expressions, that take care of its interdependency with the problem solving method that achieves that goal. We considered all the strategies that ....

Swartout, B., and Gil, Y. 1995. EXPECT: Explicit Representations for Flexible Acquisition. In Proceedings of the Ninth Knowledge-Acquisition for Knowledge-Based Systems Workshop.

.... Bases Ontology and Factual K Problem Solving Knowledge (strategies) Automatic Method Instantiator Domainspecific KBS KBS Compiler Execution Trace LISP code Interpreter Interdependency Model (Design History) Figure 1: EXPECT Architecture that supports knowledge acquisition [Swartout and Gil 1995; Gil 1994; Gil and Melz 1996] We begin with a brief overview of the EXPECT framework, followed by a discussion of a set of desiderata that motivated the design of our representation for method capabilities. We then discuss the representation we use in detail. 2 The EXPECT Framework A major ....

....capability. As we just showed, EXPECT s language to describe goals and capabilities is very expressive. An important aspect of EXPECT is how it reasons about method capabilities with this representation, exploiting subsumption and reformulation as we describe next. Further details can be found in [Swartout and Gil 1995; Gil and Gonzalez 1996] 4.1 Creating LOOM Descriptions of Goals and Capabilities We described earlier how EXPECT relies on LOOM s classifier to automatically organize concepts in an AKO lattice. EXPECT also relies on the LOOM classifier to reason about what goals and capabilities subsume ....

Swartout, B. and Gil, Y. "EXPECT: Explicit Representations for Flexible Acquisition". In Proceedings of the Ninth KnowledgeAcquisition for Knowledge-Based Systems Workshop (KAW'95) Banff, Canada, February 26-March 3, 1995.

....would allow them to be responsible for ensuring harmonious interactions between any new knowledge provided by the user and existing knowledge, thereby preventing redundancies, inconsistencies, and knowledge gaps that may arise inadvertently. This is the approach taken in our work on expect [Swartout and Gil, 1995; Gil, 1994; Gil and Paris, 1994] expect represents and manipulates many different types of knowledge distinctly and explicitly, and is able to derive and understand their functionality and their interactions. By representing knowledge declaratively, expect has access to an understanding about ....

....semantics of goals by translating them into loom. expect s problem solver uses this representation to reason about problem solving goals and their relation to concepts and instances in the domain. More detailed descriptions of expect s architecture and knowledge acquisition tool can be found in [Swartout and Gil, 1995; Gil, 1994; Gil and Paris, 1994; Swartout et al. 1991] Figure 1 shows an example of expect s representation of factual and problem solving knowledge in a transportation domain. The first expression specifies that seaport is a kind of port that has some ships, berths, covered storage area, and ....

Swartout, W. R. and Gil, Y. 1995. EXPECT: Explicit Representations for Flexible Acquisition. Proceedings of the Ninth Knowledge-Acquisition for Knowledge-Based Systems Workshop, Banff, Alberta, Canada.

....in the knowledge base. Thus, it becomes essential that our KA tools understand the consequences of each kind of change that the user may initiate, detect any harmful side effects that can be introduced in the system, and guide the user in resolving them. We are developing the EXPECT framework [Swartout and Gil, 1995] to support users in modifying both factual and problem solving knowledge. In EXPECT, problem solving methods are explicitly represented and users can make fine grained changes to their definitions. By allowing users to change the problem solving methods within the system, all the knowledge that ....

....approach. 2 A Brief Overview of EXPECT This section describes some aspects of the EXPECT architecture that are relevant to the rest of the paper. More detailed descriptions of EXPECT s explicit representations, reflective capabilities, and knowledge acquisition tool can be found in [Swartout and Gil, 1995, Gil, 1994, Gil and Paris, 1994] We also introduce a simplified version of a Protein Synthesis domain 1 used as a source of examples throughout the paper. 2.1 EXPECT s Knowledge Bases EXPECT s knowledge bases contain three different types of knowledge: Domain facts, domain terminology, and ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Bill Swartout and Yolanda Gil. EXPECT: Explicit Representations for Flexible Acquisition. In Proceedings of the Ninth Knowledge-Acquisition for Knowledge-Based Systems Workshop, Banff, Alberta, Canada, 1995.

....knowledge roles that have been identified beforehand by the designers of these components. The kinds of modifications to the problem solving strategy are limited to exchanging one component for another in the library. Also, a KA tool needs to be built for every problem solving strategy. EXPECT [Swartout and Gil, 1995, Gil, 1994, Gil and Paris, 1994] takes a different approach to knowledge acquisition. The problem solving strategy is represented explicitly, and the knowledge acquisition tool reasons about it and dynamically derives the knowledge roles that must be filled out, as well as any other information ....

....implementation of propose and revise, we briefly present EXPECT s approach to representing knowledge. We will concentrate on presenting background that is directly relevant to the work presented here. More details about the architecture and knowledge acquisition tools can be found in [Gil, 1994, Swartout and Gil, 1995, Gil and Paris, 1994] In EXPECT, both factual knowledge and problem solving knowledge about a task are represented explicitly. This means that the system can access and reason about the representations of factual and problem solving knowledge and about their interactions. Factual knowledge is ....

Bill Swartout and Yolanda Gil. EXPECT: Explicit Representations for Flexible Acquisition. In , Banff, Alberta, Canada, 1995.

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SWARTOUT,W.&GIL, Y. (1995). EXPECT: explicit representations for flexible acquisition. In Proceedings of the 9th Knowledge Acquisition for Knowledge Based System orkshop, KA95.

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Swartout, W. R., and Gil, Y. EXPECT: Explicit Representations for Flexible Acquisition. In Proc. of the 9 th Knowledge Acquisition for Knowledge-Based Systems Workshop, Banff, Alberta, 1995.

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W. R. Swartout and Y. Gil. expect: Explicit Representations for Flexible Acquisition. In Proceedings fo teh Ninth Knowledge Acquisition for Knowledge-Based Systems Workshop February 26- March 3, 1995, Banff, Alberta, Canada.

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