Carbonell, J. R. AI in CAI: An artificial intelligence approach to computer assisted instruction. IEEE transaction on Man Machine System. V 11 n.4, p 190-202. 1970.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....be learned and when it should be learned. The Notion of Topic Nodes For decades, pursuing an expressive representation language to represent the domain knowledge for educational purposes has been, and still to be, an important subject of research and development. From the early seventies (e.g. [3]) to more recently (e.g. 1] the versatility of graph based representation lends itself particularly appealing in this kind of application. SCHOLAR [3] represents South America geography with semantic networks. The BIP project [2] relates different techniques and skills in BASIC programming in ....

....knowledge for educational purposes has been, and still to be, an important subject of research and development. From the early seventies (e.g. 3] to more recently (e.g. 1] the versatility of graph based representation lends itself particularly appealing in this kind of application. SCHOLAR [3] represents South America geography with semantic networks. The BIP project [2] relates different techniques and skills in BASIC programming in the form of curriculum information network (CIN) WURSOR III [4] encodes the evolution of procedural skills in genetic graph. 7] uses standard AND OR ....

Carbonell, J.R. (1970). AI in CAI: An Artificial Intelligence Approach to Computer-assisted Instruction. IEEE Transactions on Man-Machine Systems. Vol. 11, pp.190-202.

....lists, or animated displays. The dialogue is under the tutor s control; the machine asks questions and the student answers with free text in imitation of the Socratic style of human tutoring. Imitation of human Socratic tutoring was adopted by some of the earliest ITSs, for example SCHOLAR (Carbonell 1970), but they had limited capabilities to categorize student utterances beyond simply right wrong, and limited ability to plan multi turn dialogue acts. The resulting dialogue was not very human like. Since then the field of intelligent tutoring systems has more often than not eschewed language based ....

Carbonell, Jaime R., 1970. AI in CAI: An Artificial Intelligence Approach to Computer Assisted Instruction, IEEE Transactions on Man-Machine Systems, vol. 11 no. 4, pp. 190--202.

....The most important interactive applicative domains at the time (Information Systems and CAD CAM or Programming Environments) were developed under this view. Exceptions consisted on research efforts around Intelligent Tutoring Systems. From the very beginning, Carbonell, in his foundational paper [12] clarified the quite simple idea that a realistic teacher student interaction would be neither purely student driven (as in Information Systems, where the user takes all the initiatives with respect to the system, considered as a server of information, or in CAD CAM and Programming Environments, ....

Carbonell, J.R. AI in CAI: an artificial intelligence approach to computer-assisted instruction, IEEE Trans. On Man-Machine Systems, 11, 190-202 (1970).

....learners and various technological resources that offer guidelines, if not recipes, for the successful choice. However, one aspect of the design process is considered a starting point in most application efforts: the Knowledge is in the group of producers of the 2 The seminal work of Carbonell [4], considering the need for mixed initiative instructional dialogues, pioneered the area of AI in Education. THAI ETIS, Varese, Italy; June 21 22 1999 page 4of e25 S.A.Cerri, V. Loia, S. Maffioletti, P. Fontanesi and A. Bettinelli Serendipitous acquisition of Web Knowledge by Agents in the ....

J. R. Carbonell, "AI in CAI: An artificial intelligence approach to computerassisted instruction," IEEE Transactions on Man-Machine Systems, vol. 11, pp. 190-202, 1970.

....benefit of using natural language cannot be realized without the ability to plan. Once natural language input is provided, the tutor must be able to cope with unexpected responses by the student in order to continue the conversation in a coherent and pedagogically useful manner. Conclusions In Carbonell s early paper (1970) on mixed initiative in tutoring systems, the system described could switch between the tutor asking questions and the student asking questions. No mechanism was provided to ensure conversational coherence, and, in fact, the generated conversations were not always coherent. Since that time, ....

Carbonell, J. R. 1970. AI in CAI: Artificial Intelligence Approach to Computer Assisted Instruction. IEEE Transactions on Man-Machine Systems 11(4): 190--202.

....some other areas of AI is that selected older references are still relevant. The collection of classic articles by Sleeman Brown (1982) is worth reading by any worker in the field. Wenger s (1987) textbook contains a good map of the field for newcomers and descriptions of many classic systems. Carbonell s (1970) paper, often considered in the US to be the original ITS paper, is also interesting as an example of how AI has changed in thirty years. An extensive bibliography of print resources can be found at the Department of Education and Educational Research of Gteborg University ....

Carbonell, J. R. (1970). AI in CAI: Artificial intelligence approach to computer assisted instruction. IEEE Transactions on Man-Machine Systems 11(4): 190--202.

....science (at a minimum) Each of these camps has different ideas about what the field of AI ED encompasses, and very different ideas about where the field should be headed. At various times, certain disciplines largely controlled the field. Initially, the field was started by AI researchers[4], with the research focusing on knowledge representation and grain size for instruction[20] However, the trend recently has been away from AI. In 1987, Wenger wrote a summary article of the field which stated that the traditional basis of AI was shifting towards cognitive science. Anderson[1] p. ....

J. R. Carbonell. AI in CAI: An artificial intelligence approach to computer-assisted instruction. IEEE Transactions on Man-Machine Systems, 11:190--202, 1970.

....field of AI and Education has been interested in developing instructional systems that help students hone their argumentation skills. Early landmark systems such SCHOLAR and WHY were designed to engage students in a Socratic dialog, a venerable method of teaching inquiry and argumentation skills [Carbonell, 1970; Stevens and Collins, 1977] Some later systems also focus on engaging students in argument exchanges [Retalis, et al. 1996] or a Socratic dialog [Wong, et al. 1996] But in developing a Socratic tutor, especially in a domain as complex as legal argumentation, one faces significant problems of ....

Carbonell, J. R. (1970). AI in CAI: An Artificial Intelligence Approach to Computer-Assisted Instruction. IEEE Transactions on ManMachine Systems, 11 (4) 190-202.

....science (at a minimum) Each of these camps has different ideas about what the field of AI ED encompasses, and very different ideas about where the field should be headed. At various times, certain disciplines largely controlled the field. Initially, the field was started by AI researchers[4], with the research focusing on knowledge representation and grain size for instruction[19] However, the recent trend has been away from AI. In 1987, Wenger wrote a summary article which stated that the traditional basis of AI was shifting towards cognitive science. Anderson[1] p. 242) commented ....

J. R. Carbonell. AI in CAI: An artificial intelligence approach to computer-assisted instruction. IEEE Transactions on Man-Machine Systems, 11:190-202, 1970.

....problemsolving skills by means of adaptive, individualized coached practice on domain tasks. ITS design has been an active focus of research since the early days of AI, and over the years a number of impressive results and prototype systems have been discussed in the literature, including SCHOLAR (Carbonell, 1970), GUIDON (Clancey, 1983) STEAMER (Hollan et al. 1984) the LISP Tutor (Anderson and Reiser, 1985) and SHERLOCK (Lajoie and Lesgold, 1989) Although research in ITS has produced full systems such as those listed above, researchers have understandably expended the bulk of their efforts developing ....

Carbonell, J. R. (1970) AI in CAI: an artificial intelligence approach to computer-assisted instruction.

....not independent, that is, one cannot simply delete any component (as assumed in deriving the #(Y) 2 n equation above) although Young and O Shea 18 (1981) in a production system representation of subtraction emphasised the ability to build learner models by deleting rules. EXAMPLE : SCHOLAR (Carbonell, 1970) The first ITS (SCHOLAR) adopted a domain representation, a semantic network, which we can regard as declarative . Carbonell pointed out that a learner model might be built by annotating nodes and links in the network. 3.1.2 Multiple models Another approach is to put a set of models at the ....

Carbonell, J.R. (1970). AI in CAI: an artificial intelligence approach to computer-assisted instruction, IEEE Trans. on Man-Machine, 11, 190-202.

....and how such a library is then incorporated into the modeling process. Finally, Section 5 presents experimental results followed by discussion and conclusions in Sections 6 and 7. 2 Previous Work 2. 1 Overlay Modeling The earliest AI based student models, embodied in systems such as SCHOLAR (Carbonell, 1970), WEST (Burton Brown, 1976) and WUSOR (Carr Goldstein, 1977) used a form of modeling which is now generally referred to as overlay modeling. An overlay model relies on the assumption that a student s knowledge is always a subset of the correct domain knowledge. As the student performs actions ....

Carbonell, J. R. (1970). AI in CAI: an artificial intelligence approach to computer-assisted instruction. IEEE Transactions on Man-Machine Systems, 11(4):190-202.

....issues in mixed initiative problem solving with animated pedagogical agents and presents implemented solutions to these problems. Introduction Mixed initiative problem solving lies at the heart of knowledge based learning environments. Since the birth of the field more than twenty five years ago (Carbonell 1970), it has become apparent that developing computational models of mixed initiativity is critical to the learning environment enterprise. While learners are actively engaged in problem solving activities, learning environments should monitor their progress and provide them with feedback in a manner ....

Carbonell, J. R. 1970. AI in CAI: An artificialintelligence approach to computer-assisted instruction.

....above. We use transcripts of sessions conducted by expert human tutors to derive tutoring patterns for TIPS. Through the use of the TIPS planner, we expect CIRCSIM Tutor v. 3 to generate longer, more complex and more natural text than previous work. 1. Introduction From the inception of the genre [Carbonell 1970], authors of text based ITSs have faced a difficult choice. Since the ability to generate text in a principled manner has not developed as rapidly as the set of pedagogical ideas one might wish to express, natural sounding text has had to be largely hand crafted for each situation the mechanized ....

Carbonell, J. R. (1970). AI in CAI: Artificial intelligence approach to computer assisted instruction. IEEE Transactions on Man-Machine Systems, 11(4), 190--202.

....problem solving skills by means of adaptive, individualized coached practice on domain tasks. ITS design has been a focus of research since the early days of work on AI, and over the years a variety of impressive results and implemented systems have been documented in the literature, e.g. SCHOLAR (Carbonell, 1970), GUIDON (Clancey, 1983) STEAMER (Hollan et al. 1984) the LISP Tutor (Anderson and Reiser, 1985) and SHERLOCK (Lajoie and Lesgold, 1989) As the field has matured, it has become apparent that research is being impeded by the lack of modular system architectures, reusable components and ....

Carbonell, J. R. (1970) AI in CAI: an artificial intelligence approach to computer-assisted instruction.

....of CAI. They claim that the student should be allowed to ask questions of the tutor and in general affect the directions of the tutoring session. In 1970, Jaime Carbonell launched the field of ICAI by using AI techniques to build a mixed initiative tutoring system. His seminal tutor, scholar [13], tutors students in geography by carrying on a natural language dialog with the student in which the student can respond to II LEARNING SCENARIOS 4 computer questions or initiate a line of questioning which scholar must answer. Carbonell emphasizes the benefits of mixed initiative tutorial ....

....4 computer questions or initiate a line of questioning which scholar must answer. Carbonell emphasizes the benefits of mixed initiative tutorial dialog, pointing out that it results in a more reactive tutoring system and that allowance for student initiative is crucial to effective education [13]. Closely related to mixed initiative dialog is the use of the Socratic teaching method [42] The Greek philosopher Socrates believed that education could not be attained through passive exercises such as reading or listening, but instead came from actual problem solving. His technique involved ....

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J.R. Carbonell, "AI in CAI: An Artificial Intelligence Approach to Computer-Assisted Instruction, " IEEE Trans. Man-Machine Systems, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 190-202, December 1970.

....the human like capability of taking the initiative in a dialogue rather than always responding to the user passively. Previous efforts in natural language systems that take the initiative have resulted in programs capable of mixed initiative dialogues. Among the first of these, the SCHOLAR system [Carbonell70a, Carbonell70b] for CAI (Computer Aided Instruction) could take the initiative to test the user on facts in its knowledge base. It also allowed the user to query the system about facts in its knowledge base. This type of mixed initiative works only for limited situations, such as mutual quizzing. A system based ....

Carbonell, J. R., 1970. Ai in CAI: An artificial-intelligence approach to computer assisted instruction. IEEE Transactions on Man-Machine-Systems, MMS-11 (4):190--202.

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Carbonell, J. R. AI in CAI: An artificial intelligence approach to computer assisted instruction. IEEE transaction on Man Machine System. V 11 n.4, p 190-202. 1970.

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Carbonell, J. R. (1970), AI in CAI: An Artificial Intelligence Approach to Computer-assisted Instruction.

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J.R. Carbonell, AI in CAI: An artificial intelligence approach to computer-assisted instruction, IEEE Trans. Man-Machine Systems 11 (4) (1970) 190--202.

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Carbonell J. R., AI in CAI: an artificial intelligence approach to computer aided instruction. IEEE Trans. Man-Mach. Syst. 11, 190-202 (1970).

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Carbonell, J.R. AI in CAI: an artificial intelligence approach to computer-assisted instruction, IEEE Trans. On Man-Machine Systems, 11, 190-202 (1970).

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J. R. Carbonell. AI in CAI: An Artificial Intelligence Approach to Computer-Aided Instruction. IEEE Transactions on Man-Machine Systems, 11:190--202, 1970.

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