Rhee I, Error control techniques for interactive low-bit rate video transmission over the Internet ComputerCommunication -Review. vol.28, no.4; Oct. 1998.  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....making it impossible to change the communication rate after compression has been completed. Inability to adjust communication rate causes (a) under utilization of network resources when the encoding rate is lower than the available bandwidth, and (b) congestion when the encoding rate is higher [106]. This problem is illustrated in Fig. 2.1 where the solid line shows the time varying available bandwidth and the grey area shows the encoded video rate. Even though the encoding rate for a non scalable compression scheme cannot be changed after compression, it can be time varying in general. ....

I. Rhee. Error control techniques for interactive low bit-rate video transmission over the Internet. In Proc. ACM Sigcomm '98, pp. 290--301, Vancouver, Canada, September 1998.

....scaling pattern. 4.3.1 Playable Frame Rate We compare the playable frame rate for four FEC choices: 1. Fixed FEC (1 0 0) Each I frame receives one FEC packet. This simple FEC pattern protects the most important frame, the I frame. Repairing the I frame is a scheme used by other researchers [10, 32]. 2. Fixed FEC (4 2 1) The sender protects each I frame with 4 FEC packets, each P frame with 2 FEC packets and each B frame with 1 FEC packet. This FEC pattern provides strong protection to each frame and roughly represents the relative importance of the I, P and B frames. For the MPEG ....

I. Rhee. Error Control Techniques for Interactive Low-Bit Rate Video Transmission over the Internet. In Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM Conference, Sept. 1998.

....the video frame is sent from the server to the time the frame is decoded at the client. Bu#ers at the client store the video frames before they are decoded. Maintaining a small playback delay also provides the server the opportunity to retransmit lost video packets before their decoding deadline [8, 13]. Longer time scale bandwidth fluctuations, on the order of a few seconds to tens of seconds, can be addressed by using multiple versions of the same video [4] or a layeredencoded video [14] When using a layered encoded video, the application needs adaptive control policies to decide which ....

I. Rhee. Error Control Techniques for Interactive Low-bit Rate Video Transmission over the Internet. In Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM, pages 290--301, September 1998.

.... Rhee proposes a retransmission based error control technique without incurring additional latency by rearranging the temporal dependency of frames so that a reference frame is referenced by its dependent frames much later than its display time, thereby masking the delay in recovering lost packets [47]. Another scheme uses playout buffering, conditional retransmission requests, and various other techniques to alleviate the effects of packet loss [41] Our work shows how MPEG 4 delivery can be improved using selective retransmissions and receiver postprocessing. Prior work has analyzed MPEG 4 s ....

I. Rhee. Error control techniques for interactive low-bit rate video transmission over the Internet. In Proc. ACM SIGCOMM, September 1998.

....If the application is adaptive, however, the transient performance degradations can often be masked using a variety of techniques. For instance, playback adaptation techniques can mask excessive delays in voice applications [87] while limited losses can be dealt with using retransmissions [91], loss concealment [36] or Forward Error Correction (FEC) codes [83] It is noted that most Internet applications today are adaptive. The proportional differentiation model of x2.4 provides an appropriate per hop behavior for DCS due to the following reasons. First, the proportional ....

I. Rhee, "Error Control Techniques for Interactive Low-Bit Rate Video Transmission over the Internet," In Proceedings ACM SIGCOMM, 1998.

....CSS00] as an applicable method, as typically the delay constraints (section 2.2. 1) together with the delay conditions in the network do not allow to apply this method (though [DLW96] reports the usefulness for voice for some (local area) network scenarios) Recent work in the context of video ( Rhe98] has shown that retransmission can be used also for realtime transmission to avoid the effect of error propagation (thus a retransmitted packet might not be usable for direct play out however can be used to update the internal decoder state; see section 2.1.3.2) While such a scheme appears to ....

I. Rhee. "Error Control Techniques for Interactive Low-bit Rate Video Transmission over the Internet". In Proceedings ACM SIGCOMM, Vancouver, B.C., September 1998.

....deal with the worstcase packet loss rate scenario. This leads to inefficiencies. The overhead for error correction also increases total network load. Thus the entire network is taxed due to the worse performing route [23, 12] The alternative is to use a closed loop approach. Close loop approaches [25, 22, 7, 29] , where the receivers request the retransmission of lost packets, have the drawback of higher latency and are difficult to scale [6, 4] Additionally, since packet loses generally occur during congestion, these requests and subsequent retransmissions can make matters worse. The algorithm we ....

Injong Rhee. Error control techniques for interactive low-bit rate video transmission over the internet. In ACM Communication Architectures, Protocols, and Applications (SIGCOMM) 1998.

....multicast backbone (MBone) audio packets [25] With the exception of the last study, neither the setup, nor the type of probe traffic of prior work represented realistic real time streaming scenarios. Among the studies that specifically sent audio video traffic over the Internet (e.g. 4] 8] [22], 23] the majority of experiments involved only a few Internet paths, lasted for a short period of time, and focused on analyzing the features of the proposed scheme rather than the impact of Internet conditions on real time streaming. The methodology used in prior large scale TCP experiments ....

....Out of 9,013 late retransmissions, 4,042 (49 ) were partially late. Using each partially late packet, the client was able to save on average 4.98 frames from the same GOP in D 1p and 4. 89 frames in D 2p by employing the above described catch up decoding technique (for more discussion, see [22]) The second type of delay, one way delay jitter, caused 1,167,979 data (i.e. non retransmitted) packets to miss their decoding deadlines. Hence, the total number of underflow (i.e. missing at the time of decoding) packets was 159,713 9,013 5,710 1,167,979 = 1,342,415 (1.7 of the number ....

I. Rhee, "Error Control Techniques for Interactive Low Bitrate Video Transmission over the Internet," ACM SIGCOMM,Sep- tember 1998.

....provide the unequal error protection capability, while keeping the overhead within a reasonable limit. It is also an effort to leverage the future DiffServ architecture [12] by employing the DS byte marking [13] At the topmost class (Class 1) frames such as I frame and master P frames of RESCUE [8] (in a frequency controlled by the packet loss dynamics) are packetized employing a packet per GOB. The largest overhead can be justified by the importance of these frames in H.263 video. Of course, the ISD mode of H.263 will ensure that each packet (GOB or slice) is independently decodable. If ....

I. Rhee, "Error control techniques for interactive low-bit rate video transmission over the Internet," in Proc. ACM SIGCOMM '98, Sept. 1998.

....does degrade the perceptual quality at the receiver. Therefore, error control and error resilience mechanisms must be in place to maintain an acceptable perceptual quality. Previous work on error control took two major approaches, i.e. forward error correction (FEC) and retransmission [1] 6] [18]. Danskin et al. 6] introduced a fast lossy Internet image transmission scheme (FLIIT) Although FLIIT eliminates retransmission delays and is thus able to transmit the same image several times faster than TCP IP with equivalent quality, the joint source channel # To obtain better coding ....

....(FEC approach) employed in FLIIT cannot be directly used in MPEG 4 video since MPEG 4 video coding algorithms are di erent from those used by FLIIT. Bolot et al. 1] also took the FEC approach which could not be applied to MPEG 4 video due to the di erence between the two coding algorithms. Rhee [18] proposed a retransmission base scheme, called periodic temporal dependency distance (PTDD) Although experiments had shown some utility of PTDD, the experiments were limited to small number of users. Since all retransmissionbased error control schemes su er from network congestion, the ....

I. Rhee, \Error control techniques for interactivelow-bit-rate video transmission over the Internet," in Proc. ACM SIGCOMM, Aug. 1998.

....may require a different retransmission timeout (RTO) estimator and leads us to believe that research in this area should be extended. We should further mention that the Internet has been extensively studied by various researchers using ICMP ping and traceroute packets [1] 9] 16] 17] [20], UDP echo packets [6] 7] and multicast backbone (MBone) audio packets [24] With the exception of the last one, similar observations apply to these studies neither the setup, nor the type of probe traffic represented realistic real time streaming scenarios. In addition, among the studies ....

....Out of 9,013 late retransmissions, 4042 (49 ) were partially late. Using each partially late packet, the client was able to rescue on average 4.98 frames from the same GOP 11 in D 1p and 4. 89 frames in D 2p by employing the above described catchup decoding technique (for more discussion, see [20]) The second type of delay, one way delay jitter, caused 1,167,979 data (i.e. non retransmitted) packets to miss their decoding deadlines. Hence, the total number of underflow (i.e. missing at the time of decoding) packets was 159,713 11 We used 10 frame GOPs in both sequences. 9,013 ....

I. Rhee, "Error Control Techniques for Interactive Low Bitrate Video Transmission over the Internet," ACM SIGCOMM, September 1998.

....the retransmission of data units. Limitation of error propagation at the receiver (supported by the sender) in particular on the level of communicating a MW components, e.g. by setting checkpoints or taking other actions to limit error propagation such as appropriate choice of GOP patterns [18] in algorithms as MPEG (cf. above) horizontal or vertical interleaving of picture data corresponding to subsequent video frames, synchronization of block groups in algorithms as H.263 [7, 9] adding the feature to decode macro blocks in reverse order (reverse decoding) 14] For many of ....

Rhee, I. \Error Control Techniques for Interactive Low-bit Rate Video Transmission over the Internet" ACM SIGCOMM'98, Vancouver (1998)

....shown to perform well under heterogeneous Internet conditions. In fact, many proposed real time streaming schemes do not specify the choice of an RTO estimator [3] 4] 13] do not deal with real time decoding deadlines of individual frames, ignore the probability of packet reordering [3] 14] [19], and often neglect to set the limit on the maximum number of retransmission requests (where the limit could be based on the lost packet s decoding deadline, some fixed integer number, or both) Papadopoulos et al. 14] proposed a real time retransmission scheme in which the receiver used the ....

....receiver used the value of the SRTT in (1) to decide which packets were eligible for the first retransmission and employed special packet headers to support subsequent retransmissions. The benefit of avoiding timeouts was offset by the inability of the proposed scheme to overcome NACK loss. Rhee [19] employed a retransmission scheme in which the sender used three frame durations (instead of an estimate of the RTT) to decide on subsequent retransmissions of the same packet. A similar sender based retransmission scheme was proposed by Gong et al. 5] with the exception that the sender used an ....

I. Rhee, "Error control techniques for interactive low bitrate video transmission over the Internet," ACM SIGCOMM, September 1998.

....are clear if the loss of an I frame implies the loss of half a second worth of video, then retransmission can help ameliorate jitter that would otherwise result from packet loss. We also note that other researchers show that retransmission can be a feasible option for error recovery in some cases [60]. 2.3.1 Coding Techniques Gringeri et al. analyzed MPEG 4 s built in error resilience capabilities such as video packetization and error correcting codes and examined propagation of errors on an inter frame video bitstream when bit errors occur [24] Packetization of the MPEG 4 bitstream signi ....

.... error control technique which does not incur additional latency in playout times by rearranging the temporal dependency of frames so that a reference frame is referenced by its dependent frames much later than its display time, thereby masking the delay in recovering lost packets [60]. Speci cally, the scheme uses late arrival packets to reconstruct the reference frames in order to limit propagation of errors in dependent frames. 2.3.4 Error Concealment Postprocessing This thesis primarily focuses on recovering for errors using mechanisms that do not rely on alteration of ....

I. Rhee. Error control techniques for interactive low-bit rate video transmission over the internet. In Proc. ACM SIGCOMM, September 1998.

....rely on a priori channel loss models that are not well defined for the Internet. Another strategy based on redundant transmissions exploits the time constraints of applications and arranges retransmissions in such a way that additional delay will not cause significant degradation in perception [4]. For instance, temporal dependencies of frames can be rearranged in order for a displayed frame to be referenced in the decoding of its subsequent dependent frames at a later time. Its difficulty is that it needs to adapt dynamically, even within a connection, the distance a frame is separated ....

I. Rhee, "Error control techniques for interactive low-bit rate video transmission over the Internet," in Proc. SIGCOMM, 1998.

....loss characteristics, resulting in ecient use of network resources. The limitation of delay constrained retransmission based schemes is that their e ectiveness diminishes when the round trip time is too large. Currently, an important direction is to combine FEC with retransmission [11] 29] [50]. In addition, FEC can be used in layered video multicast so that each client can individually trade o latency for quality based on its requirements. Examples of such an FEC protected multicast include Hierarchical FEC [59] and a receiver driven layered multicast [11] Multiple description ....

I. Rhee, \Error control techniques for interactivelow-bit-rate video transmission over the Internet," in Proc. ACM SIGCOMM '98, Vancouver, Canada, Aug. 1998.

....This approach, referred to as conditional replenishment, improves error resilience but the cost is a low compression efficiency. The second one, instead of trying losses recovery, tries to avoid them. Losses can be avoided (or reduced) by preventing congestion network states. For H. 261 video, [RHE98] propose a technique based on a combination of both retransmissions (using a scheme named periodic temporal dependency distance, PTDD) and a Quality assurance layering (QAL) technique. This technique does not introduce any additional latency in frame playout times and hence it is very suitable for ....

....this paper. We aims to improve the transport service provided by the POC protocol in terms of error recover in particular for data that can not be recovered by means of retransmission due to their small validity period. In this case, the use of FEC techniques is interesting, such as it is used by [RHE98] and proposed in [ROJ98a] Finally, we plan to apply this approach on H.261 and H.263 systems. 9. Acknowledgements SFERE CONACYT (France Mexico) has financed the first author. 10. ....

I. Rhee, "Error Control Techniques for Interactive Low-bit Rate Video Transmission", SIGCOMM, Vancouver, Canada, 1998.

....and recovers data in case of loss [1, 5] It is not robust because it was designed based on an unknown channel model. Another strategy exploits the time constraints of applications and arranges retransmissions in such a way that additional delay will not cause significant perception degradation [8]. However, it incurs additional bandwidth that is already a scarce resource in real time transmissions. b) Nonredundant transmissions, on the other hand, recover lost data from that received within a tolerable range using inherent redundancies of source data. Examples of such schemes include ....

I. Rhee. Error control techniques for interactive low-bit rate video transmission over the Internet. In Proc. SIGCOMM '98, 1998.

....with the worst case packet loss rate scenario. This leads to inefficiencies. The overhead for error correction also increases total network load. Thus the entire network is taxed due to the worse performing route [26, 12] The alternative is to use a closed loop approach. Close loop approaches [28, 25, 7, 33] , where the receivers request the retransmission of lost packets, have the drawback of higher latency and are difficult to scale [6, 4] Additionally, since packet loses generally occur during congestion, these requests and subsequent retransmissions can make matters worse. Robustness to data ....

Injong Rhee. Error control techniques for interactive lowbit rate video transmission over the internet. In ACM Communication Architectures, Protocols, and Applications (SIGCOMM) 1998, pages 290--301, Vancouver, B.C., 1998.

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Rhee I, Error control techniques for interactive low-bit rate video transmission over the Internet ComputerCommunication -Review. vol.28, no.4; Oct. 1998.

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Injong Rhee, Error control techniques for interactive low-bit rate video transmission over the Internet, SIGCOMM 1998.

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I. Rhee, "Error control techniques for interactive low-bit-rate video transmission over the Internet," in Proc. ACM SIGCOMM, Aug. 1998.

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Rhee, I., Error Control Techniques for Interactive Low-bit Rate Video Transmission, Proc. of ACM Sigcomm, pp. 290-301, October 1998.

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I. Rhee, Error Control Techniques for Interactive Low-bit Rate Video Transmission over the Internet , In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM '98 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communication, Aug. 31-Sept. 4, 1998, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, pp. 290 - 301.

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Rhee, I. Error control techniques for interactive low-bit rate video transmission over the Internet. In Proc. ACM SIGCOMM (1998).

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