Myers, B. A., McDaniel, R. G., Miller, R. C., Ferrency, A., Faulring, A., Kyle, B. D., Mickish, A., Klimovitski, A., and Doane, P., The Amulet Environment: New Models for Effective User Interface Software Development, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 23, 6, 347-365, 1997.  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....6) View navigations (pans and zooms) should be available, and should be animated. 7) Multiple views onto the surface should be supported, both via multiple windows, and via camera objects that are placed on the surface, used as portals or lenses . RELATED WORK There are number of research [17, 21] and commercial [5, 18] structured canvas toolkits available. However, most structured canvas components provide a fixed vocabulary of the kinds of shapes they support within the canvas. It can be difficult to create new classes of objects to place on the canvas. The InterViews framework [20] for ....

....graph, or dynamic scene graphs. They also do not support advanced visualization techniques such as fisheye views and context sensitive objects. A number of 2D GUI toolkits provide higher level support for creating custom application widgets, or provide support for structured graphics. Amulet [21] is a toolkit that supports widgets and custom graphics, but it has no support for arbitrary transformations (such as scaling) semantic zooming, and multiple views. 6 The GUI toolkit that perhaps comes closest to meeting the needs for custom widgets is SubArctic [17] It is typical of other GUI ....

Myers, B. A., McDaniel, R. G., Miller, R. C., Ferrency, A. S., Faulring, A., Kyle, B. D., Mickish, A., Klimovitski, A., & Doane, P. (1997). The Amulet Environment: New Models for Effective User Interface Software Development". IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 23(6), pp. 347-365.

....because the shared objects can be changed by different clients BEACH couples the local view objects to the shared model objects using automatically tracked dependencies. For model view controller see [9] This is a technique similar to one way constraints used in many other systems (e.g. [14]) The model layer provides the basic structure for the higher layers by defining interfaces for documents, user interface, tools, the physical environment, and interaction styles as the abstractions common for all devices. On top of these The term local is used for objects local to one ....

Myers, B. A., et al. The Amulet Environment: New Models for Effective User Interface Software Development. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 23(6), pp. 347--365, 1997.

....(web based distributed system design and implementation) User interface design tools, including User Interface Management Systems (UIMSs) provide graphical design environments implementing complex graphical user interfaces and structured reports. Examples include Garnet [72] Amulet [73], Sybase Power Builder and Borland Delphi TM. Such facilities are very often integrated with programming environments, 4GLs and application generators. Unfortunately many application generators and programming tools still lack adequate integration with requirements engineering and CASE tools While ....

Myers, B.A., "The Amulet Environment: New Models for Effective User Interface Software Development," IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 23 (6), 347-365, June 1997.

....restrict them in any way. 4 Related Work A number of prototype based languages have included some support for object ownership along with basic references and inheritance. Amulet and Garnet al..low objects to have parts as well as slots; when an object is cloned, all 5 its parts are also cloned [19, 20]. ThingLab [5] also built objects from composition hierarchies, although it used paths (rather than references) to access internal components of aggregate objects and similar schemes have been suggested for Smalltalk [3] Object ownership has also been proposed for Eiffel [16] by annotating ....

Brad A. Myers, Rich McDaniel, Rob Miller, Alan Ferrency, Patrick Doane, Andrew Faulring, Ellen Borison, Andy Mickish, and Alex Klimovitski. The Amulet environment: New models for effective user interface software development. Technical Report CMU-HCII-96-104, Human Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, 1996.

....models by a syntactic transformation of the MDL expression. On the presentation side, there are Presentation Components which get generated from a presentation model. These components are typically organized into part hierarchies and are controlled by a run time system. Mastermind uses the Amulet[72] toolkit for presentation support, and so the run time controller for presentation components is the Amulet Run time system. Systems with this structure must be generated from the bound task models. Implementation adds detail in the following dimensions: Manifestation What tasks become in a ....

....this toolkit in implementing the behavior specification of ManageFlight and comment on the complexity of the toolkit components. This commentary motivates the technical contributions which follow. 26 2.4. 1 Example of Generated Code Mastermind implements bound task models in C using the Amulet[72] user interface toolkit for presentation support. The general strategy is to create a C class for each declared binding. The class declarations aggregate: 1. local data corresponding to binding parameters, 2. MMTK components corresponding to MDL communications and ordering operators, and 3. ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Brad A. Myers, Richard G. McDaniel, Robert C. Miller, Alan S. Ferrency, Andrew Faulring, Bruce D. Kyle, Andrew Mickish, Alex Klimovitski, and Patrick Doane. The amulet environment: New models for effective user interface software development. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 23(6):347--365, 6 1997.

....which invokes the core operation and then notifies the view. Because the notification is introduced automatically, it does not compromise the reuse 2 of domain objects. Implicit notification is also easy to implement using constraint features, such as are found in the Garnet Amulet object system [14, 13]. 2.2. Specifying feedback Part of the difficulty in designing components for feedback is specifying the conditions under which a command is legal. These conditions reflect temporal constraints on the global execution of commands as well as any functional pre conditions on the execution of the ....

....checkers program. the presentation of the interactor will be visually offset. We can express the condition formally as: self = DragAndDrop. target ] 4. Example We used MCs to construct a layered design of a larger application, the graphical checkers program that is part of the Amulet [13] source distribution (Figure 4) Players move and jump by directly manipulating checker icons. As a checker is being dragged, the system provides visual feedback to signify the legality of a drop over a particular square. This legality is a function of the player s turn and 5 domain object ....

B. A. Myers et al. The Amulet environment: New models for effective user-interface software development. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng., 23(6), 1997.

....to a particular application and connected together to implement user tasks. Interactors in our framework encapsulate a complete gesture between the user and an input device like the mouse or keyboard. We represent these gestures using state diagrams much like those used in the Amulet environment[11]. Paterno[13] defines an interactor as a software component with a fixed set of incoming and outgoing dataflow paths. These paths support the transfer of control, data, and presentation and may be connected to paths of the opposite polarity in other interactors. Markopoulos[10] uses a similar ....

....by these methods allows us to isolate and precisely articulate model semantics which must be preserved by restructuring. Moreover, we can use this formal understanding to critique automated refinement frameworks. The subject application is an interactive checkers program taken from the Amulet[11] source distribution. We chose this application because the rules of the game are described at a level of abstraction that resembles the structure of an hierarchical task model. The strict sequencing in these rules combined with the direct manipulation style make the interaction model difficult ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

B. A. Myers et al. The Amulet environment: New models for effective user interface software development. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 23(6):347--365, June 1997.

....object s access control list. 4: Related Work A number of prototype based languages have included some support for object ownership along with basic references and inheritance. Amulet and Garnet al..low objects to have parts as well as slots; when an object is cloned, all its parts are also cloned [18, 19]. ThingLab [5] also built objects from composition hierarchies, although it used paths (rather than references) to access internal components of aggregate objects and similar schemes have been suggested for Smalltalk [3] Object ownership has also been proposed for Eiffel [16] by annotating ....

Brad A. Myers, Rich McDaniel, Rob Miller, Alan Ferrency, Patrick Doane, Andrew Faulring, Ellen Borison, Andy Mickish, and Alex Klimovitski. The Amulet environment: New models for effective user interface software development. Technical Report CMU-HCII-96-104, Human Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, 1996.

....attributes are changed [30] When, e.g. the attribute color of a workspace is set to blue while a view for this workspace is open somewhere, this view will be repainted, regardless who changed this value on which device. This is very similar to the constraints used in systems like Amulet [23], but works also for a distributed setting. Network (TCP IP) CommChair ConnectTable InteracTable DynaWall BEACH Cooperation Support BEACH server BEACH client BEACH client BEACH client BEACH client BEACH client BEACH client persistent store wireless network Fig. 4. BEACH ....

Myers, B. A., et al. (1997). The Amulet Environment: New Models for Effective User Interface Software Development. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 23(6), pp. 347-- 365.

....important for building interfaces that guide the user through valid combinations of options, especially in cases where there are hundreds of interrelated options where invalid or poor choices can result in wasted compute time. To support this capability, we have provided a package based on Amulet [42] that supports the construction of dialogs that conform to the look and feel of Ecce while incorporating rules logic. Our intent is to support a Python integration, thus providing a very accessible mechanism for creating sophisticated tools that does not require Ecce development expertise. A final ....

Myers BA, McDaniel RG, Miller RC, Ferrency A, Faulring A, Kyle BD, Mickish A, Klimovitski A, and Doane P. 1997. The Amulet Environment: New Models for Effective User Interface Software Development. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering June 1997; 23(6):347-365.

....In fact, it must be able to create new interactive objects which hold direct manipulation, allowing at the same time direct activation of functional core actions. More precisely, the toolbox must authorize canceling any stage of compilation to test the final application. We chose the AMULET [6] toolbox. AMULet al..lows a dynamic administration of objects. In fact all is represented by objects with dynamic slots. Each slot has a name and may contain a typed value. It is possible to change dynamically the value or the type of any slot, and to add or cancel slots to any object. The second ....

B. A. Myers, R. G. McDaniel, R. C. Miller, A. S. Ferrency, A. Faulring, B. D. Kyle, A. Mickish, A. Klimovitski, and P. Doane, The Amulet Environment: New Models for Effective User Interface Software Development, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering,, vol. 23, pp. 347-365, 1997.

....use of physically based modeling for a variety of interactive modeling tasks, including page layout. GLIDE [33] uses visual organization features (VOFs) to control layout of arbitrary graphs using a spring metaphor and an iterative numeric solver. Numerous systems use constraints for widget layout [28, 29], and Badros and Stachowiak [5] use constraints for window layout. We have previously introduced CCSS, an extension of Cascading Style Sheets with constraints [4] Our CSVG motivation and philosophy is analogous to that of CCSS, and CCSS is directly applicable to controlling style properties of ....

B. Myers, R. McDaniel, R. Miller, A. Ferrency, A. Faulring, B. Kyle, A. Mickish, A. Klimovitski, and P. Doane. The amulet environment: New models for effective user interface software development. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 23(6):347--365, June 1997.

....the addition or change of new prototypes can be done freely. Therefore, when the user needs to describe a scene, which is not included in the prototype palette, the user can introduce, modify, or combine the existing ones. 3.2 Creating vs. Copying Prototypes Our system is implemented in Amulet [9], a new user interface development environment for C that runs on X11. Since Amulet implements a prototype oriented model on top of C , there is no distinction between classes and instances: almost all can be used as a prototype for other ones. Therefore, if the user cannot find an appropriate ....

B. A. Myers, et al., "The Amulet Environment: New Models for Effective User Interface Software Development", Technical Report CMUCS -96-189, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University (1996).

.... problems with no more than 15 gesture classes (trained on around 40 examples for each gesture class) and writer independent accuracies of around 85 [357] Further examples of interface toolkits that have gesture recognition integrated include CMU s GUI toolkits Garnet [215] and Amulet [267], a toolkit for 3D virtual interaction [53] and HITS from MCC [185] Recognition of 3D Gestures There are two main approaches to recognize movements of hands or other body part in three dimensions (in this chapter called 3D gestures) The first approach directly captures gesture movements using ....

....usability problems when tracking devices or sensing gloves are used. ffl Sampling rates of 20 50 samples per second are sufficient for most applications. ffl Gesture recognition: Use one of the publicly available GUI toolkits with built in gesture recognition capabilities (e.g. CMU s Amulet [267]) otherwise, a simple template matcher can be implemented within a few days, and provides sufficient accuracy for applications with limited gesture sets ( 10 gesture classes) ffl Combining handwriting and 2D gesture input is technically challenging, since no state of the art handwriting ....

B. Myers, R.G. McDaniel, R.C. Miller, A.S. Ferrency, A. Faulring, B.D. Kyle, A. Mickish, A. Klimovitski, and P. Doane. The Amulet environment: New models for effective user interface software development. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 23(6):347--365, 1997.

....in a recognition object, which possibly forwards a higher level event to the screen object underneath. Mankoff et al. extended the subArctic toolkit [17] to support inking, gesturing, and recognition, specifically for exploring techniques in resolving ambiguity [28] Garnet [23, 34] and Amulet [36] also have support for gestures. A gesture interactor was added to these toolkits to support recognizing pen gestures using Rubine s algorithm [39] The recognizer simply calls the registered callback procedure with the result as a parameter. No other pen and ink based support is provided. ....

Myers, B., et al., The Amulet Environment: New Models for Effective User Interface Software Development. IEEE Transactions on SoftwareEngineering, 1996. 23(6): p.347-365.

....IDEAL [18] is an early system specifically designed for page layout applications. Harada, Witkin, and Baraff [11] describe the use of physically based modeling for a variety of interactive modeling tasks, including page layout. There are numerous systems that use constraints for widget layout [14, 15], while Badros [2] uses constraints for window layout. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK We have demonstrated that hierarchical constraints provide a unifying, declarative semantics for CSS 2.0 and also suggest a simplifying implementation strategy. Furthermore, viewing CSS from the constraint ....

Brad A. Myers, Richard G. McDaniel, Robert C. Miller, Alan S. Ferrency, Andrew Faulring, Bruce D. Kyle, Andrew Mickish, Alex Klimovitski, and Patrick Doane. The Amulet environment: New models for effective user interface software development. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 23(6):347--365, June 1997.

....use of physically based modeling for a variety of interactive modeling tasks, including page layout. GLIDE [32] uses visual organization features (VOFs) to control layout of arbitrary graphs using a spring metaphor and an iterative numeric solver. Numerous systems use constraints for widget layout [28, 29], and Badros [5] uses constraints for window layout. We have previously introduced CCSS, an extension of Cascading Style Sheets with constraints [4] Our CSVG motivation and philosophy is analogous to that of CCSS, and CCSS is directly applicable to controlling style properties of CSVG documents ....

Brad A. Myers, Richard G. McDaniel, Robert C. Miller, Alan S. Ferrency, Andrew Faulring, Bruce D. Kyle, Andrew Mickish, Alex Klimovitski, and Patrick Doane. The amulet environment: New models for effective user interface software development. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 23(6):347--365, June 1997.

....IDEAL [18] is an early system specifically designed for page layout applications. Harada, Witkin, and Baraff [11] describe the use of physically based modeling for a variety of interactive modeling tasks, including page layout. There are numerous systems that use constraints for widget layout [15, 16], while Badros [2] uses constraints for window layout. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK We have demonstrated that hierarchical constraints provide a unifying, declarative semantics for CSS 2.0 and also suggest a simplifying implementation strategy. Furthermore, viewing CSS from the constraint ....

B. Myers, R. McDaniel, R. Miller, A. Ferrency, A. Faulring, B. Kyle, A. Mickish, A. Klimovitski, and P. Doane. The Amulet environment: New models for effective user interface software development. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 23(6):347--365, June 1997.

....to extend Adaptive Forms with an application programming interface that will allow developers to define procedures that dynamically compute the set of terminals for a non terminal, and also to perform input validation that is cumbersome or impossible to encode in a grammar. Systems like Amulet [5], which use constraints, can also be used to specify relationships between fields so that the values and set of choices for one field can be computed based on the values of other fields. Amulet even allows the constraints to create new graphical objects, so it would be possible to write ....

.... Figure 7 shows a snapshot of Adaptive Forms as a query interface for international emergency relief operations (driven by a static grammar) developed in conjunction with the SIMS project [2] Web based Version Our current implementation is based on the X Windows version of the Amulet toolkit [5]; we currently plan to also offer two Web based implementations, one intended for machines with high network bandwidth and high processing power (such as desktop workstations) and one intended for lower bandwidth yet low latency network connections and little processing power (such as a hand held ....

B. A. Myers, R. McDaniel, R. Miller, A. Ferrency, P. Doane, A. Faulring, E. Borison, A. Mickish, , and A. Klimovitski. The amulet environment: New models for effective user interface software development. Technical Report CMU-CS-96-189, Carnegie Mellon University School of Computer Science, November 1996.

....managing this latter inter model behavior. Some behavior is highly model specific and neither influences nor is affected by behavior specified in other models. As Figure 2 illustrates, in a Mastermind presentation model, graphical objects are implemented using primitives from the Amulet toolkit [13], and attribute relations are implemented as declarative formulas that, at runtime, eagerly propagate attribute changes to dependent attributes. As long as changes in these attributes do not trigger behavior in dialog or application models, these aspects can be ignored when considering model ....

....the Pres module. It inherits from class Listener because it is concerned with monitoring and controlling the text input widget. The class is associated with an Am Text Input Widget object by an association called widget. This object is prede 18 STIREWALT AND RUGABER fined in the Amulet toolkit [13], which the current version of Mastermind uses for presentation support. The TextFieldAction controls the Amulet object by invoking the Start and Stop operations on the object, which instruct the widget to enable and disable keyboard input. The invocations of these methods form the implementation ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

B. A. Myers et al. The Amulet environment: New models for effective user-interface software development. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 23(6), 1997.

....programming by example techniques or support for the course content management; and it also includes execution oriented services, such as tracing and debugging facilities. CACTUS and all the subsystems it is based on are thoroughly coded in C . The system implementation uses the AMULET framework [11], which includes an object oriented system based on the prototype instance inheritance paradigm. Moreover, a distributed version of the ATOMS subsystem has been implemented for managing work flows models [8] and a Java version of the system is partially available. This work aims to facilitate the ....

Myers, B.A., McDaniel, R.G., Miller, R.C, Ferrency, A.S., Faulring, A., Kyle, B.D., Mickish, A., Klimovitski, A. and Doane, P. "The AMULET Environment: New Models for Effective User Interface Software Development". IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, Vol. 23, no. 6. June, 1997. pp. 347-365.

....agreed design guidelines exist for building systems with adaptable user interfaces. Just as significantly, no commonly agreed software architectures and implementation techniques exist to allow developers to build adaptable components. User interface frameworks, such as Interviews [10] and Amulet [13], permit composition of interfaces from discrete objects representing user interface elements, and most allow interfaces to be dynamically built and changed at run time. However, there is typically little guidance or control over how other objects go about discovering, understanding and adapting ....

Myers et al (1997): Myers, B.A. et al, The Amulet Environment: New Models for Effective User Interface Software Development, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 23 (6), June 1997, 347-365.

....generalized to permit greater expressiveness (Chapter 5) Constraints can also be used to extend the Scalable Vector Graphics standard (Chapter 6) User interface widget toolkits are second only to drawing editors in their widespread use of constraints. Numerous widget toolkits, including Amulet [102, 110], its predecessor Garnet [108] and OPUS of the Penguims 2 user interface management system [81] all provide one way constraint solvers for relating the components in a widget hierarchy. Bramble [54] is the toolkit with which the Briar (see Section 2.3.1) drawing editor is implemented. Other ....

....no SkyBlue yes yes yes yes no DETAIL yes yes yes yes no Indigo yes yes no no yes a C.H. abbreviates Constraint Hierarchies . 20 One way local propagation constraint solvers The simplest local propagation solvers are embedded in widget layout kits such as ARTKit s Penguims [81] Amulet [110] and Garnet [108] These tools perform only one way solving a constraint such as x = y z 10 will be maintained only by setting x (the output variable) and never by setting y or z (the input variables) Although this example constraint is numeric, one of local propagation s strengths is that ....

Brad A. Myers, Richard G. McDaniel, Robert C. Miller, Alan S. Ferrency, Andrew Faulring, Bruce D. Kyle, Andrew Mickish, Alex Klimovitski, and Patrick Doane. The Amulet environment: New models for effective user interface software development. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 23(6):347--365, June 1997.

....potential for reusing components that support tool integration, collaborative work and object distribution, and end user interaction and configuration of applications. Component based solutions contrast to more traditional approaches such as federation [5] toolkits and frameworks [17] and UIMS [20] used to implement these aspects of software applications. However, careful design is required to make reuse of these aspects straightforward. We describe our recent research into component based software architectures. This focuses on support for component based architectures, component based ....

....to wrap third party tools that do not already have well developed component interfaces. This requires the development of JViews components to communicate with these tools, often in a limited way, and the translation of tool events into JViews change descriptions. This can be a complex process [20][7] 28] and one which sometimes can only provide limited interface solutions. We hope that as component based architectures become more widely used, 3 rd party tools will increasingly provide component based interfaces we can leverage more effectively. 5. Collaborative work support Supporting ....

Myers, B.A. et al, The Amulet Environment: New Models for Effective User Interface Software Development, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, Vol. 23, No. 6, June 1997, 347-365.

....textual formulae or code, and the ability to package filter and action models for reuse via a single visual item [32] Many tools supporting the generation of editors for visual representations use textual specification of icon appearance and editor behaviour. Examples include Garnet [9] Amulet [10], Zeus [21] Unidraw [17] KOGGE [25] and MetaEDIT [3] These toolkit based approaches lead to complex specifications which bare little resemblance to the actual icons and editing behaviour desired. In particular, the specification of icon layout and editing constraint in these systems is ....

Myers, B.A., "The Amulet Environment: New Models for Effective User Interface Software Development," IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, vol. 23, no. 6, 347-365, June 1997.

....IDEAL [18] is an early system specifically designed for page layout applications. Harada, Witkin, and Baraff [11] describe the use of physically based modeling for a variety of interactive modeling tasks, including page layout. There are numerous systems that use constraints for widget layout [14, 15], while Badros [2] uses constraints for window layout. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK We have demonstrated that hierarchical constraints provide a unifying, declarative semantics for CSS 2.0 and also suggest a simplifying implementation strategy. Furthermore, viewing CSS from the constraint ....

Brad A. Myers, Richard G. McDaniel, Robert C. Miller, Alan S. Ferrency, Andrew Faulring, Bruce D. Kyle, Andrew Mickish, Alex Klimovitski, and Patrick Doane. The Amulet environment: New models for effective user interface software development. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 23(6):347--365, June 1997.

....similar to window layout. Our Constraint Cascading Style Sheets work also embeds Cassowary and exposes a declarative specification language to web authors for describing page layout (Badros et al. 1999) Widget layout in user interfaces is yet another two dimensional layout problem. Amulet (Myers et al. 1997) and the earlier Garnet (Myers et al. 1990) both provided constraint solvers based on simple local propagation techniques. These solvers suffer from an inability to handle inequalities and simultaneous equations, which unfortunately arise all too often in the natural declarative specification of ....

Myers, B. A.; McDaniel, R. G.; Miller, R. C.; Ferrency, A. S.; Faulring, A.; Kyle, B. D.; Mickish, A.; Klimovitski, A.; and Doane, P. 1997. The Amulet environment: New models for effective user interface software development. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 23(6):347--365.

....to extend Adaptive Forms with an application programming interface that will allow developers to define procedures that dynamically compute the set of terminals for a non terminal, and also to perform input validation that is cumbersome or impossible to encode in a grammar. Systems like Amulet [5], which use constraints, can also be used to specify relationships between fields so that the values and set of choices for one field can be computed based on the values of other fields. Amulet even allows the constraints to create new graphical objects, so it would be possible to write ....

B. A. Myers, R. McDaniel, R. Miller, A. Ferrency, P. Doane, A. Faulring, E. Borison, A. Mickish, and A. Klimovitski. The amulet environment: New models for effective user interface software development. Technical Report CMU-CS96 -189, Carnegie Mellon University School of Computer Science, November 1996.

....iterative design, so instead we chose to use the Rubine feature based recognition algorithm [19] which: requires only a small number of training examples (15 20) per gesture class. is freely available. is easy to implement. has a reference implementation available (from Amulet [16]) other research systems have successfully used [3, 8] A gesture set consists of gesture classes, each of which is a single type of gesture (such as a circle to perform the select operation) A class is defined by a collection of training examples. The goal of a recognizer is to correctly ....

....During recognition , the feature values of the unclassified gesture are statistically compared with the feature values of the training examples to determine which class the new gesture is most like. For more details about the algorithm, see [19] Experiences with Agate The Garnet [15] and Amulet [16] toolkits include an implementation of Rubine s algorithm and a training tool for the recognizer called Agate [9] Before beginning our presen t work , we used these too lk its and Agate to understand how they could be improved. Although Agate is a fine recognizer training tool, it was not ....

Myers, B. A. et al. The Amulet environment: New models for effective user interface software development. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 23(6):347--365, Jun 1997.

....of the resources available in the environment. There have been a number of adaptive applications, ranging from those attempting to alleviate the effects of congestion and limited bandwidth, such as vat [5] vic [15] ivs [6] and rat [17] to User Interface Management Systems such as Amulet [16] which attempt to adapt to the display capabilities through battery management schemes within the operating system. The rise of middleware has generated renewed interest in providing generic adaptation policies, but we believe that the interfaces to manipulate resource requirements are phrased in ....

Brad A. Myers, Richard G. McDaniel, Robert C. Miller, Alan S. Ferrency, Andrew Faulring, Bruce D. Kyle, Andrew Mickish, Alex Klimovitski, and Patrick Doane. The amulet environment: New models for effective user interface software development. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 23(6):347--365, June 1997.

.... problems with no more than 15 gesture classes (trained on around 40 examples for each gesture class) and writer independent accuracies of around 85 [300] Further examples of interface toolkits that have gesture recognition integrated include CMU s GUI toolkits Garnet [175] and Amulet [219], a toolkit for 3D virtual interaction [43] and HITS from MCC [151] Recognition of 3D Gestures There are two main approaches to recognize movements of hands or other body part in three dimensions (in this chapter called 3D gestures) The first approach directly captures gesture movements using ....

....usability problems when tracking devices or sensing gloves are used. ffl Sampling rates of 20 50 samples per second are sufficient for most applications. ffl Gesture recognition: Use one of the publicly available GUI toolkits with built in gesture recognition capabilities (e.g. CMU s Amulet [219]) otherwise, a simple template matcher can be implemented within a few days, and provides sufficient accuracy for applications with limited gesture sets ( 10 gesture classes) ffl Combining handwriting and 2D gesture input is technically challenging, since no state of the art handwriting ....

B. Myers, R.G. McDaniel, R.C. Miller, A.S. Ferrency, A. Faulring, B.D. Kyle, A. Mickish, A. Klimovitski, and P. Doane. The Amulet environment: New models for effective user interface software development. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 23(6):347--365, 1997.

....a constraint based drawing system. Sketchpad provided multi way constraints and interactive response, and paved the way for many subsequent systems. Many constraint based systems have employed one way constraints; recent examples of toolkits and algorithms that use one way constraints are Amulet [27], subArctic [21] and Hudson s ultra lightweight constraint system [22] The other most common sort of constraint satisfaction algorithm for interactive graphics is a local propagation algorithm for multi way constraints (thus restricting the constraints to functional constraints only and acyclic ....

Brad A. Myers, Richard G. McDaniel, Robert C. Miller, Alan S. Ferrency, Andrew Faulring, Bruce D. Kyle, Andrew Mickish, Alex Klimovitski, and Patrick Doane. The amulet environment: New models for effective user interface software development. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 23(6):347--365, June 1997.

....consistent with a piece of data in an application. In a syntax directed editor they can be used to specify type checking rules or to determine whether or not a variable has been declared. Constraints are increasingly being integrated into drawing packages and interface development toolkits [18, 19, 11, 10, 14]. Unfortunately, studies of at least two of these toolkits, Garnet [18] and Amulet [19] have shown that constraints can exact a significant storage toll on programs [27] Ultimately the execution times of programs managing a large number of constrained objects suffer since virtual memory must be ....

....to specify type checking rules or to determine whether or not a variable has been declared. Constraints are increasingly being integrated into drawing packages and interface development toolkits [18, 19, 11, 10, 14] Unfortunately, studies of at least two of these toolkits, Garnet [18] and Amulet [19] have shown that constraints can exact a significant storage toll on programs [27] Ultimately the execution times of programs managing a large number of constrained objects suffer since virtual memory must be accessed to meet their storage demands. One reason constraints require so much storage ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

MYERS, B. A., MCDANIEL, R. G., MILLER, R. C., FERRENCY, A., FAULRING, A., KYLE, B. D., MICKISH, A., KLIMOVITSKI, A., AND DOANE, P. The Amulet environment: New models for effective user interface software development. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 23, 6 (June 1997).

....of database management systems, use constraint rules between software specification components which, when triggered, automatically update affected structures or flag the presence of inconsistencies. Multi directional constraint systems, such as Rendezvous s Abstraction Link View [38] and Amulet [55], use more flexible inter object constraints allowing changes made to repository or view specification objects to maintain view consistency. All of these trigger and constraint based approaches use logical constraints and queries over model and view objects, and are thus able to readily detect ....

Myers, B.A., "The Amulet Environment: New Models for Effective User Interface Software Development," IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, vol. 23, no. 6, 347-365, June 1997.

....nature of constraints, coupled with the power of object oriented techniques, makes the development of highly interactive graphical interfaces easier for the applications programmer. Constraints are increasingly being integrated into drawing packages and in interface development toolkits [14, 15, 7, 6, 8]. Unfortunately, studies of at least two of these toolkits, Garnet and Amulet, have shown that constraints can exact a significant storage toll on the programs in which they are used [21] Ultimately the execution times of programs managing a large number of constrained objects suffer since ....

....all constraints and variables that depend directly or indirectly on the changed variable are invalidated; thus, all vertices in the model dependency graph reachable from the modified vertex are marked invalid. Multiple Constraints Associated with One Variable. Some constraint systems, like Amulet [15] and Rendezvous [6] permit a variable to maintain a collection of constraints, and exactly one of these constraints will determine the variable s value at any given time. In other words, a variable may be on the left side of more than one equation. When an invalid variable s value is demanded, it ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Myers, B. A., McDaniel, R. G., Miller, R. C., Ferrency, A., Faulring, A., Kyle, B. D., Mickish, A., Klimovitski, A., and Doane, P. The Amulet environment: New models for effective user interface software development. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 23, 6 (June 1997).

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Myers, B. A., McDaniel, R. G., Miller, R. C., Ferrency, A., Faulring, A., Kyle, B. D., Mickish, A., Klimovitski, A., and Doane, P., The Amulet Environment: New Models for Effective User Interface Software Development, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 23, 6, 347-365, 1997.

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Brad A. Myers, Richard G. McDaniel, Robert C. Miller, Alan Ferrency, Andrew Faulring, Bruce D. Kyle, Andrew Mickish, Alex Klimovitski and Patrick Doane. "The Amulet Environment: New Models for Effective User Interface Software Development," IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering. 1997. 23(6). pp. 347-365. June.

....interpreted as representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of NCCOSC or the U.S. Government. 1. Introduction We have built two user interface development environments that use prototype instance object models. Garnet [Myers 1990b] is in Lisp and was started in 1988. Amulet [Myers 1997], is in C and was started in 1994. The goal of these systems is to investigate ways to make the creation of user interface software significantly easier, especially for highly interactive, graphical, direct manipulation user interfaces. These systems also use constraints, which are relationships ....

Brad A. Myers, et. al. "The Amulet Environment: New Models for Effective User Interface Software Development," IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering. 1997. 23(6). pp. 347-365.

....color is being used to draw, causing confusion between the color identifying the user, and the color with which the user will draw. We therefore developed a new set of interaction techniques to more effectively support SDG. These interaction techniques are implemented as part of the Amulet toolkit [9], by changing the behavior objects (called Interactors ) the widgets, and the command objects to have a User ID field that can be used to control how they are shared. Brad A. Myers is a Senior Research Scientist in the HumanComputer Interaction Institute in the School of Computer Science at ....

Myers, B.A., et al., "The Amulet Environment: New Models for Effective User Interface Software Development." IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 1997. 23(6): pp. 347-365.

....for implementing several Past, Present and Future of User Interface Software Tools To appear in ACM TOCHI 12 draft of 09 16 99 different aspects of a user interface. Examples include Sketchpad [61] ThingLab [5] HIGGENS [19] CONSTRAINT [68] Garnet [34] Rendezvous [18] Amulet [36], and subArctic [20] With constraints, the designer can specify, for example, that a line must stay attached to a rectangle, or that a scroll bar must stay at the right of a window. Similarly, one could declare that the color, size, or position of objects in multiple views be derived from the ....

Myers, B.A., et al., "The Amulet Environment: New Models for Effective User Interface Software Development." IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 1997. 23(6) pp. 347-365. June.

....selection handles, and menus had to be modified in interesting ways, both in their user interface and in their implementation. This research is being performed as part of the Pebbles and Amulet projects. Pebbles stands for: PDAs for Entry of Both Bytes and Locations from External Sources. Amulet [Myers 1997] stands for Automatic Manufacture of Usable and Learnable Editors and Toolkits, and is a C toolkit into which the multi user architecture has been integrated. The Amulet part of the multi user architecture runs on X 11, Windows, and the Macintosh, but the part of Amulet that handles PDAs ....

....multi user applications will be designed with very few modal dialogs. SEPARATING EVENT HANDLING Interactors and Widgets The low level event handling described above is completely hidden from programmers using Amulet. Instead, programmers use high level input handler objects called Interactors [Myers 1997]. Each Interactor object type implements a particular kind of interactive behavior, such as moving an object with the mouse, or selecting one of a set of objects. To make a graphical object respond to input, the programmer simply attaches an instance of the appropriate type of Interactor to the ....

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Brad A. Myers, et. al. "The Amulet Environment: New Models for Effective User Interface Software Development," IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering. 1997. 23(6). pp. 347-365. June.

....data model are presented, followed by a discussion of the benefits. The article then discusses how various current systems support open data. We have been investigating the implications and implementation issues of using the open data model for the last 10 years in our Garnet [18] and Amulet [20] user interface development environments. Our current results are discussed next. Finally, some of the potential concerns with the open data model are also discussed. 2. What is an Open Data Model In a completely open data model, the important application data structures would be in a standard ....

....determine the relevant parts of the objects to store and retrieve. As discussed below, the current version of Java supports a partial open data model through the reflection mechanism, and also supports save and load, which it calls serialization. Many research system (e.g. Garnet [21] Amulet [20], EVAL vite [7] and SubArctic [8] and some commercial systems (e.g. Galaxy [27] have found that constraints are a convenient way to implement parts of applications, especially the user interface. A constraint is a relationship that is declared once and maintained by the system. Examples ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Myers, B.A., et al., "The Amulet Environment: New Models for Effective User Interface Software Development." IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 1997. 23(6): pp. 347-365. June.

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Myers, B.A. (1997): The Amulet Environment: New Models for Effective User Interface Software Development, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, vol. 23, no. 6, 347-365, June 1997.

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B.A. Myers, R.G. McDaniel, R.C. Miller, A.S. Ferrency, A. Faulring, B.D. Kyle, A. Mickish, A. Klimovitski, and P. Doane, "The Amulet Environment: New Models for Effective User Interface Software Development," IEEE Trans. Software Eng., vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 347-365, 1997.

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Myers, B. A., McDaniel, R., Miller, R., Ferrency, A. S., Faulring, A., Kyle, B. D., Mickish, A., Klimovitski, A. and Doane, P. The Amulet Environment: New Models for Effective User Interface Software Development, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, vol. 23, no. 6, 1997.

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B. A. Myers, R. G. McDaniel, R. C. Miller, A. S. Ferrency, A. Faulring, B. D. Kyle, A. Mickish, A. Klimovitski, and P. Doane. The amulet environment: New models for effective user interface software. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 23(6):347--365, June 1997.

No context found.

Myers, B.A. (1997): The Amulet Environment: New Models for Effective User Interface Software Development, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, vol. 23, no. 6, 347-365, June 1997.

No context found.

B. A. Myers, R. G. McDaniel, R. C. Miller, A. S. Ferrency, A. Faulring, B. D. Kyle, A. Mickish, A. Klimovitski, and P. Doane. The amulet environment: New models for effective user interface software. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 23(6):347--365, June 1997.

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Myers, B. A., Mcdaniel, R. G., Miller, R. C., Ferrency, A. S., Faulring, A., Kyle, B. D., Mickish, A., Klimovitski, A., And Doane, P., (1997), "The Amulet Environment: New Models for Effective User Interface Software Development", IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, Vol. 23, No. 6, pp. 347-365.

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Myers, B. A., McDaniel, R. G., Miller, R. C., Ferrency, A. S., Faulring, A., Kyle, B. D., Mickish, A., Klimovitski, A., & Doane, P. (1997). The amulet environment: New models for effective user interface software development. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 23(6), 347-365.

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