U. Wilhelm and A. Schiper. A hierarchy of totally ordered multicasts. In IEEE International Symposium on Reliable Distributed  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....algorithm uses an underlying transport layer that serves as a failure detector. Contrary to our solution, their algorithm handles network partitions and process failures. However they assume that their transport layer supplies reliable locally ordered group multicast service. U. Wilhelm et al. in [WS95] identify a hierarchy of total order communication paradigms. Their model of computation follows the one of [CT93] They present an algorithm incorporating the two extremes of total order requirement, namely the weakest and the strongest total order. Contrary to our work in which we focus on the ....

U. Wilhem and A. Schiper. A hierarchy of totally ordered multicasts. In 14th Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems, pages 41--51, 1995. Irisa

....4.1: Hierarchy of fault tolerant specifications for total order multicast. The combinations of uniform and non uniform properties define eight different specifications to the problem of fault tolerant total order multicast. Those definitions form a hierarchy of problems. Wilhelm and Schiper [WS95] propose a hierarchy based on two properties (total order and agreement) thus resulting in four different problems. In this chapter, we complement this hierarchy by considering the property of uniform versus non uniform integrity. We illustrate in Figure 4.1 the hierarchy given by the eight ....

.... by Cristian et al. CdBM94] # Navaratnam, Chanson, and Neufeld [NCN88] # Isis (sequencer) BSS91] # Amoeba (method 1, method 2) KT91b, KT91a] # Garcia Molina and Spauster [GMS91, GMS89] # Jia [Jia95] later corrected by Chiu and Hsiao [CH98] and Shieh and Ho [SH97] # Phoenix [WS95] # ATOP [CHD98] # Newtop (asymmetric protocol) EMS95] # Rodrigues, Fonseca, and Verssimo [RFV96] # Rampart [Rei94b, Rei94a] Ordering mechanism As briefly mentioned in Section 4.3.4, there are two basic variants to fixed sequencer algorithms. The first variant corresponds to Algorithm ....

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U. Wilhelm and A. Schiper. A hierarchy of totally ordered multicasts. In Proceedings of the 14th Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems (SRDS-14), pages 106--115, Bad Neuenahr, Germany, September 1995.

.... [BFHR98] Newtop [EMS95] Phoenix [MFSW95] Relacs [BDGB94] RMP [WMK95] Totem [AMMS 95] Transis [ADKM92b] and xAMp [RV92] group communication systems and the specifications in [SR93, MAMSA94, FvR95, RB91, CS95, Cri91, FLS97, MPS91a, HS95, JFR93, BDM95, BBD96, BDM97, DMS96, MS95, SS93, WS95, Nei96] 6.1 Assumptions Assumption 4.3.1 states that the network may not spontaneously generate messages and that all delivered messages are guaranteed to be uncorrupted. Note that this assumption does not restrict the network to delivering messages at most once, so message duplication is ....

....a QoS level of Reliable Causal delivery (Requirement 5.3.6) Isis [BJ87] Transis [DMS96] Horus [vRHB94] Newtop [EMS95] and xAMp [RV92] present examples of such GCSs. Some systems (e.g. Totem [AMMS 95] Phoenix [MFSW95] and RMP [WMK95] provide higher QoS levels extending Causal Delivery. WS95] introduced a classification of totally order multicast (sometimes called atomic or agreed multicast) In particular, this work defines strong and weak total order in the context of a primary partition membership service. Here we extend these definitions to a partitionable environment. ....

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U. G. Wilhelm and A. Schiper. A hierarchy of totally ordered multicasts. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems (SRDS14) , September 1995.

....we call this function a timestamp function: A timestamp function is a one to one function from M to the set of natural numbers: TS function(f) def = f : M N f(m) f(m 0 ) m = m 0 Table 4: Timestamp function definition. 22 6.3. 1 Strong and Weak Total Order Wilhelm and Schiper [WS95] introduce a classification of totally order multicast. In particular, this work defines strong and weak total order in the context of a primary component membership service. Here we extend these definitions to a partitionable environment. Strong Total Order guarantees that messages are ....

....for messages of different types Systems that provide more than one ordering type need to specify the delivery semantics (order constraints) of messages with different types. For example, should Causal messages be totally ordered with respect to totally ordered messages Wilhelm and Schiper [WS95] discuss three possible semantics in the context of weak and strong total order. However, these semantics can be generalized for the case of two messages m 1 and m 2 with any two different ordering semantics O 1 and O 2 such that O 2 implies O 1 : ffl unordered : there no ordering constraints on ....

U. G. Wilhelm and A. Schiper. A hierarchy of totally ordered multicasts. In 14th IEEE International Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems (SRDS), September 1995.

....but is general enough to be implemented using more traditional approaches. Also in the area of fault tolerance, a number of papers describe abstract properties of services or certain components such as failure detectors [Bla91, CT96, SR93] or present families of related services [CASD85, WS95] Such work is complementary to that presented here since it suggests how configurable versions of a service can be implemented using micro protocols. Another area of related work concerns development of system support for constructing modular protocols. The x kernel itself is, of course, one ....

U. Wilhelm and A. Schiper. A hierarchy of totally ordered multicasts. In Proceedings of the 14th Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems, pages 106--115, Bad Neuenahr, Germany, Sept 1995.

....but is general enough to be implemented using more traditional approaches. Also in the area of fault tolerance, a number of papers describe abstract properties of services or certain components such as failure detectors [Bla91, CT96, SR93] or present families of related services [CASD85, WS95] Such work is complementary to that presented here since it suggests how configurable versions of a service can be implemented using micro protocols. 7.4 Object Component Architectures A number of component architectures have been defined that allow applications to be built from collections of ....

U. Wilhelm and A. Schiper. A hierarchy of totally ordered multicasts. In Proceedings of the 14th Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems, pages 106--115, Bad Neuenahr, Germany, Sept 1995.

....algorithm uses an underlying transport layer that serves as a failure detector. Contrary to our solution, their algorithm handles network partitions and process failures. However they assume that their transport layer supplies reliable locally ordered group multicast service. U. Wilhelm et al. in [26] identify a hierarchy of total order communication paradigms. Their model of computation follows the one of [5] They present an algorithm incorporating the two extremes of total order requirement, namely the weakest and the strongest total order. Contrary to our work in which we focus on the ....

U. Wilhem and A. Schiper. A hierarchy of totally ordered multicasts. In 14th Symp. on Reliable Distributed Systems, 1995.

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WILHELM, U. AND SCHIPER, A. 1995. A hierarchy of totally ordered multicasts. In Proc. 14th Symp. on Reliable Distributed Systems (SRDS). Bad Neuenahr, Germany, 106--115.

....is discussed in Section 7, and Section 8 concludes the paper. 2 Related Work The paper is at the intersection of two domains: 1) Atomic Broadcast algorithms, and (2) optimistic algorithms. The literature on Atomic Broadcast algorithms is abundant (e.g. 1] 3] 4] 5] 7] 10] 13] [15]) However, the multitude of di#erent models (synchronous, asynchronous, etc. and as1 Spontaneous total order message reception occurs for example with very high probability when network broadcast or IP multicast are used. 2 sumptions needed to prove the correctness of the algorithms renders ....

U. Wilhelm and A. Schiper. A Hierarchy of Totally Ordered Multicasts. In 14th IEEE Symp. on Reliable Distributed Systems (SRDS-14), pages 106--115, Bad Neuenahr, Germany, September 1995. 22

....messages # and # # ,then# delivers # before # # if and only if # delivers # before # # . The combinations of uniform and non uniform properties define eight different specifications to the problem of fault tolerant total order multicast. Those definitions form a hierarchy of problems. [124] propose a hierarchy based on two properties (total order and agreement) thus resulting in four different problems. In this paper, we complement this hierarchy by considering the property of uniform versus non uniform integrity. We illustrate in Figure 1 the hierarchy given by the eight ....

.... ATOP [ 30 ] # Amoeba (method 1, method 2) 72, 71] # Garcia Molina and Spauster [59, 58] # Isis (sequencer) 18] # Jia [70] later corrected by Chiu Hsiao [29] and Shieh Ho [116] # MTP [54] # Navaratnam, Chanson, and Neufeld [97] # Newtop (asymmetric protocol) 52] # Phoenix [124]. # Rampart [107, 106] # Rodrigues, Fonseca, and Verssimo [108] # Tandem global update [20] as described by Cristian et al. [38] 6.4 FIXED SEQUENCER ALGORITHMS 35 Ordering mechanism As briefly mentioned in Section 5.4, there are two basic variants to fixed sequencer algorithms. The first ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

U. Wilhelm and A. Schiper. A hierarchy of totally ordered multicasts. In Proceedings of the 14th Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems (SRDS-14), pages 106--115, Bad Neuenahr, Germany, September 1995.

....of determinism and the use of a total order broadcast considerably simplifies the protocols. While a total order broadcast will still help to decrease conflicts, having a voting phase consisting of a complete atomic commitment allows to relax the requirements on the total order, e.g. uniformity [39]. Also weaker forms of total order can be used, e.g. a most of the time total order: the total order condition is maintained most of the time, but sometimes performance failures occur and out of order delivery might happen [9] Such performance failures would be detected and corrected at commit ....

U. G. Wilhelm and A. Schiper. A hierarchy of totally ordered multicasts. In Proceedings of the 14 th IEEE Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems (SRDS-14), Bad Neuenahr, Germany, September 1995.

....Communication parameters Control data size 1 KB Atomic Broadcasts per second 1; 180; 800=n Communication overhead 12000 ins Figure 6: Simulation model parameters 6. 2 Atomic Broadcast Implementation The literature on atomic broadcast algorithms is abundant (e.g. 7] 9] 8] 11] 23] [33], 5] and the multitude of different models (synchronous, asynchronous, etc. and assumptions about the system renders any fair comparison difficult. However, known atomic broadcast algorithms can be divided into two classes, according to scalability issues. An atomic broadcast algorithm is ....

U. Wilhelm and A. Schiper. A Hierarchy of Totally Ordered Multicasts. In 14th IEEE Symp. on Reliable Distributed Systems (SRDS-14), pages 106--115, Bad Neuenahr, Germany, September 1995.

....limitations, all proofs have been omitted. They can be found in [12] 2 Related Work The paper is at the intersection of two issues: 1) Atomic Broadcast algorithms, and (2) optimistic algorithms. The literature on Atomic Broadcast algorithms is abundant (e.g. 1] 3] 4] 5] 6] 8] 11] [14]) However, the multitude of different models (synchronous, asynchronous, etc. and assumptions needed to prove the correctness of the algorithms renders any fair comparison difficult. We base our solution on the Atomic Broadcast algorithm as presented in [4] because it provides a theoretical ....

U. Wilhelm and A. Schiper. A Hierarchy of Totally Ordered Multicasts. In Proceedings of the 14th IEEE Symp. on Reliable Distributed Systems, pages 106--115, September 1995.

....routing algorithm successfully rerouted these messages through Italy. 2.4 New communication primitives Phoenix includes new communication primitives not present in other toolkits. We give here only an informal description of those primitives, where for an exact description we refer to [8] and [12]. uniform multicast: if a process (correct or not) 4 delivers a message m, then every correct process will eventually deliver m or fail. strong totally ordered multicast: if a process (correct or not) delivers a message m 1 before m 2 and delivers them, then every correct process will ....

U. G. Wilhelm and A. Schiper. A Hierarchy of Totally Ordered Multicast. In Proceedings of the 14th IEEE Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems, September 1995.

.... algorithm all processes perform the same code [6, 25, 10, 4] whereas in an asymmetric algorithm one process plays a special role, i.e. defines the ordering of messages [23, 7] Asymmetric algorithms require less phases and are thus more efficient, but are subject to the contamination problem [16, 35]. Token based algorithms [11, 3] can be classified somewhere in between symmetric and asymmetric algorithms. Moreover, some of these algorithms ( 6, 7, 35] assume the dynamic group model, and an underlying layer implementing view synchronous multicast. Total order multicast is however related to ....

....ordering of messages [23, 7] Asymmetric algorithms require less phases and are thus more efficient, but are subject to the contamination problem [16, 35] Token based algorithms [11, 3] can be classified somewhere in between symmetric and asymmetric algorithms. Moreover, some of these algorithms ([6, 7, 35]) assume the dynamic group model, and an underlying layer implementing view synchronous multicast. Total order multicast is however related to one fundamental result of faulttolerant distributed computing: the impossibility of solving the consensus problem in asynchronous systems [13] consensus ....

U. Wilhelm and A. Schiper. A Hierarchy of Totally Ordered Multicasts. In 14th IEEE Symp. on Reliable Distributed Systems (SRDS-14), pages 106--115, Bad Neuenahr, Germany, September 1995.

....Section 6 describes the OPT ABcast algorithm. We conclude in Section 7. 2 Related Work The paper is at the intersection of two issues: 1) Atomic Broadcast algorithms, and (2) optimistic algorithms. The literature on Atomic Broadcast algorithms is abundant (e.g. 3] 5] 4] 6] 10] [12], 1] However, the multitude of different models (synchronous, asynchronous, etc. and assumptions needed to prove the correctness of the algorithms renders any fair comparison difficult. We base our solution on the Atomic Broadcast algorithm as presented in [4] because it provides a theoretical ....

U. Wilhelm and A. Schiper. A Hierarchy of Totally Ordered Multicasts. In 14th IEEE Symp. on Reliable Distributed Systems (SRDS-14), pages 106--115, Bad Neuenahr, Germany, September 1995.

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U. Wilhelm and A. Schiper. A hierarchy of totally ordered multicasts. In IEEE International Symposium on Reliable Distributed

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