| H.S. Black. Inventing the negative feedback amplifier. IEEE Spec- trum, pages 55-60, December 1977. |
....The desire to control processes, in the broadest sense, has existed for a very long time [9] In electrical engineering, the first explicit attempts to forrealize control problems mathematically go back to James Maxwell. The invention of the negative feedback amplifier by Harold Black in 1927 [10], proposing the sacrifice of some amplification of a high gain amplifier to reduce the influence of distortion due to noise and component drift, contained the fundamental ideas on which almost all modern controllers are based. The works of Harry Nyquist [11] Hendrick Bode [12] Walter Evans [7] ....
H.S. Black. Inventing the negative feedback amplifier. IEEE Spec- trum, pages 55-60, December 1977.
....place feedback and predistortion out of the league of viable linearization schemes. 1.3 Development of Feedforward Linearization In 1927, H.S. Black of Bell Telephone Laboratories invented the concept of negative feedback as a method of linearizing amplifiers for the Bell Telephone system [10]. Lesser known is that four years earlier, in the search for a linearization method, he invented the concept of feedforward. His idea for feedforward was simple: reduce the amplifier output to the same level as the input and subtract one from the other to leave only the distortion generated by the ....
....1 2 to 1 dB variation in amplifier gain, whereas, for my purpose, the gain had to be absolutely perfect. In addition, every six hours it became necessary to adjust the B battery voltage, because the amplifier gain would be out of hand. There were other complications too, but these were enough [10]. Even with modern solid state amplifiers, changes with temperature and time are still significant enough, with respect to the accuracy requirements of the feedforward circuit, to necessitate adaptation. After its invention in 1923, feedforward was essentially ignored until Seidel, also at Bell ....
H.S. Black, "Inventing the negative feedback amplifier," IEEE Spectrum, pp. 55-60, December 1977.
....thinking is unquestionably useful for many purposes. It usually plays an important role in setting the stage for an invention. But, at the end of the day, logical thinking is not sufficient in the invention process. Recalling his invention in 1927 of the negative feedback amplifier, Harold S. Black of Bell Laboratories (1977) said, Then came the morning of Tuesday, August 2, 1927, when the concept of the negative feedback amplifier came to me in a flash while I was crossing the Hudson River on the Lackawanna Ferry, on my way to work. For more than 50 years, I have pondered how and why the idea came, and I ....
Black, Harold S. 1977. Inventing the negative feedback amplifier. IEEE Spectrum. December 1977. Pages 55 -- 60.
....thinking is unquestionably useful for many purposes. It usually plays an important role in setting the stage for an invention. But, at the end of the day, logical thinking is not sufficient in the invention process. Recalling his invention in 1927 of the negative feedback amplifier, Harold S. Black (1977) said, Then came the morning of Tuesday, August 2, 1927, when the concept of the negative feedback amplifier came to me in a flash while I was crossing the Hudson River on the Lackawanna Ferry, on my way to work. For more than 50 years, I have pondered how and why the idea came, and I can t ....
Black, Harold S. 1977. Inventing the negative feedback amplifier. IEEE Spectrum. December 1977. Pp. 55 -- 60.
....useful for many purposes. It usually plays an important role in setting the stage for an invention. But, at the end of the day, logical thinking is the antithesis of invention and creativity. Recalling his invention in 1927 of the negative feedback amplifier, Harold S. Black of Bell Laboratories [5] said, Then came the morning of Tuesday, August 2, 1927, when the concept of the negative feedback amplifier came to me in a flash while I was crossing the Hudson River on the Lackawanna Ferry, on my way to work. For more than 50 years, I have pondered how and why the idea came, and I can t say ....
Black, Harold S. 1977. Inventing the negative feedback amplifier. IEEE Spectrum. December 1977. Pages 55 -- 60.
....in 1877, an improvement upon Maxwell s earlier work [38] which held good only for second and third order cases [21] In the United States, prior to World War II, the telephone system and electronic feedback amplifiers were developed by Bode, Nyquist and Black at the Bell Telephone Laboratories. [5, 6, 7, 19, 68]. The issue of stability was reanalysed because the dynamics of the feedback amplifiers were too complex for the application of Routh s criterion. Nyquist found a method to determine stability using a graphical plot of the loop frequency response of a system. A simultaneous development was the ....
H.S. Black. Inventing the negative feedback amplifier. IEEE Spectrum, pages 55--60, December 1977.
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