Anne Treisman. Features and objects in visual processing. Scientific American, 255:114--125, 1986.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....1. Edge density (1(a) contour closure (1(b) and edge orientation (1(c) are presumed to be selected by human visual system at a level prior to image understanding. recognition and image understanding. These features act as cues to the visual system to attend locations for further analysis [10, 11, 12], reducing the amount of the image to be analysed [3] It has been observed that less e#ort and time are needed to identify changes if they occur in regions which would be used to describe an image (regions of central interest) 13] It has also been demonstrated that attention plays an important ....

....from an environment to be used in a virtual tour. It is also the default operator used in our prior work on the localization problem [4, 29] This operator is motivated by work by Treisman which showed that edge density is one of the feature primitives preattentively selected by human vision [12]. The operator works by selecting regions in the image which deviate the most from the mean density of the whole image. An edge map is created where each element is assigned an intensity corresponding to the strength of its associated edge. This edge map is convolved with a Gaussian windowing ....

Anne Treisman, "Features and objects in visual processing", Scientific American, vol. 255, no. 5, pp. 114B--125, Nov 1986.

....but had been later removed for propaganda reasons. Sometimes the information is not in what s in the picture, but in what isn t in the picture 3 Figure 1: Displays used by Olson and Attneave for the study of perceptual grouping roughly to what in humans is known as preattentive similarity [28, 47, 48, 4]. So, our claim could be rephrased as follows: image database should use preattentive similarity as much as possible. Preattentive similarity is based on di#erent features than recognition and categorization processes. Preattentive similarity processes are responsible for perceptual grouping, and ....

A. Treisman. Features and objects in visual processing. Scientific American, 255:114B--125, 1986.

....small fraction of the information preprocessed by the retina can be further processed by the brain [1, 2] Visual attention is a neural process which selects objects for further processing and or visual orientation. This selection process has been metaphorically expressed as an attention spotlight [3]. It remains unknown how this selection process is biologically implemented by neuronal circuits, although competitive networks, such as the primitive competition model and or winner take all networks have been postulated as mechanisms for attentional object selection, or visual competition [4 7] ....

A. Treisman, Features and objects in visual processing, Sci. Am. 255 (1986) 114-125.

....in detail. Experimental results will be discussed in section 4, followed by a conclusion with a comparative view on the systems mentioned above. 2 Physiological and Psychological Background Research in cognitive psychology resulted in models for a multistage processing of sensory information [Treisman 1986]. Simple features in the field of vision are preattentively extracted in a highly parallel manner. These features are probably grouped according to Gestalt theory s laws [Rock 1990] which state that grouping could occur by construction of new, emergent features [Pomerantz 1989] Hereafter, ....

Treisman, A.: Features and objects in visual processing. In: Scientific American. 1986, (255), S. 114--125

....can be made more sophisticated, by adding more features, by considering multiple spatial resolutions, by clustering pre attentive features etc. These alternatives are not pursued in this paper. Human Visual Attention Human vision is known to have an attention strategy that is highly e ective [14, 22, 28]. Human visual attention is adaptive in the sense discussed above. Cognitive scientists do not yet have a complete understanding of human visual attention, but some partial understanding has emerged. Many models proposed by cognitive scientists are similar to our model of gure 1 [22, 28] In ....

....[14, 22, 28] Human visual attention is adaptive in the sense discussed above. Cognitive scientists do not yet have a complete understanding of human visual attention, but some partial understanding has emerged. Many models proposed by cognitive scientists are similar to our model of gure 1 [22, 28]. In these models, the pre attentive system is fast and capable of extracting primitive image features (such as color, edge smoothness, and size) The post attentive system is slower, but can analyze image regions in detail and use the complete geometric de nition of the target object for ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Treisman A., \Features and Objects in Visual Processing," Sci. Am.,

....are pre attentive, in comparison to others, would have a very beneficial impact on how to effectively utilize Chernoff faces. According to Treisman, pre attentive processing is visual processing that is apparently accomplished automatically and simultaneously for the entire visual field of view [Tr86]. Many studies have investigated which stimuli are pre attentive. One common procedure is to measure the response time to find a target in a set of distracters . If a stimulus is pre attentive, the response time should be independent of the number and types of distracters presented with the ....

....Initially, each subject was required to undergo a training session where two sets of faces were displayed for each target feature, one for a time of two seconds, another for a time of .4 seconds. 4 seconds was used, as opposed to the commonly accepted time for pre attentiveness, 25 seconds[Tr86], in order to achieve a consistent display time within Java. Once a set of faces was displayed, the user was asked to identify whether they saw a face with a particular feature or not. Next, the user was able to click an answer button to view the set of faces with the correct face highlighted. ....

Treisman, A., "Features and Objects in Visual Processing," Scientific American, Vol. 255, Number 2, Nov. 1986, pp. 114-125

....our system (for details see (Kruger, Peters and v.d. Malsburg 1996) We restrict ourselves to those aspects relevant to the discussion in section 3. In our approach we limit ourselves to form processing and we ignore color, movement, texture, and binocular information. In the literature (see e.g. (Treisman 1986)) a largely independent processing of these different clues is assumed with the shape clue as the most powerful one for higher level classification tasks. The object recognition system is influenced by an older system developed in the von der Malsburg group (Lades et al. 1992; Wiskott et al. 1997) ....

....such as cross like figures (Shevelev et al. 1995) or curved lines (Dobbins and Zucker 1987) were found in striate cortex. A contributory factor for curvature as a feature computed preattentively (i.e. processed at very early stages of visual processing) arises from psychophysical experiments in (Treisman 1986) who showed that a curved line pops out in a set of straight lines. A question that is still open is the role of feedback in early stages of visual processing. It has been argued (Oram and Perrett 1994) that the short recognition time humans need for unknown objects (in the range of 100ms) makes ....

Treisman, A. 1986. Features and objects in visual processing. Scientific American, 255(5):114--125.

....TMK. In doing so, we will encounter deeper issues regarding the nature of the modeling language. Visual Pattern Recognition An extremely basic task which forms a foundation for a wide range of cognition is that of visual pattern recognition. Consider the model of pattern recognition presented in (Treisman, 1988). This model involves four core elements: ffl Immediate, simultaneous recognition of certain specific primitive features such as color and size. ffl Serial focus of an attention spotlight which bindstogether clusters of features. ffl Generation of an object file to label such a cluster. ....

....is the representation of the knowledge being accessed; for example, the form of the object file, the nature of the stored object descriptions, and the mechanism for matching the two are complex and interesting problems. I will not consider this issue further because it is largely unspecified in (Treisman, 1988). The other interesting issue raised by this decomposition is the nature of the control information in the methods above. For example, the feature recognition method has four subtasks, all of which are executed simultaneously, as many times as there are inputs available. In contrast, the ....

Treisman, A. (1988). Features and objects in visual processing.

....[ form and for location, although both might enter and amplify activity within the visual system at the same site [7] Our main goal remains to study the learning of attention. There is a vast amount of literature on all kinds of quantitative and qualitative psychological experiments, e.g. [2, 8, 9], that can be simulated with our neural network model. In this paper we have given an illustrative example. In the future we will continue to test and improve our model in order to comply with the available psychological data without giving in to its biological plausibility. ....

A. Treisman. Features and objects in visual processing. Scientific American, 255(5):106--115, 1986.

....color and intensity in the image. This kind of similarity is common in animals (especially animals without a sophisticated central nervous system) and has proven surprisingly effective for many necessities of their life. It corresponds roughly to what in humans is known as preattentive similarity [28, 47, 48, 4]. So, our claim could be rephrased as follows: image database should use preattentive similarity as much as possible. Preattentive similarity is based on different features than recognition and categorization processes. Preattentive similarity processes are responsible for perceptual grouping, ....

A. Treisman. Features and objects in visual processing. Scientific American, 255:114B--125, 1986.

....character patterns when the pixel representation produces conflicting results. We have experimented with devising a hierarchical feature representation of characters based on psychological studies of feature detection and representation in human preattentive attentive vision and attentive vision [166, 165, 131, 169], as well as on neural physiological studies of features detection and representation in primate visual cortex [72, 71, 10, 18, 37] This hierarchical feature representation is computed from the skeleton representation of a character. It includes local features such as isolated spots, line ....

A. Treisman. Features and objects in visual processing. Scientific American, 254:114-- 124, 1980.

....of information (not necessarily all) up to the highest cognitive levels. An object may attract attention based on two different grounds: exogenous or endogenous. Objects that greatly differ from their environment in, for example, color, closure, size, or threedimensional orientation (Enns, 1990; Treisman, 1986), and objects that are of special relevance such as one s name, attract exogenous or bottom up attention 1 . In endogenous or top down attention the higher cognitive levels in the brain influence the attentional system to bias the selection in favor of a particular (combination of) feature(s) ....

....or memory, are thus ignored. We will keep our model as simple as possible, while still being able to reproduce attentional behavior observed in psychological experiments. The human attentional system can be divided into two sequential stages: a preattentive stage and a limited capacity stage (Treisman, 1986; Wolfe, 1994) In the preattentive stage the information at each spatial position is processed in parallel. This stage determines the relevance of the stimulus features at the different locations of the visual field for the current task. Based on this relevance assessment, the limited capacity ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Treisman, A. (1986). Features and objects in visual processing. Scientific American, 255(5):106-- 115.

....that people have a very limited short term memory span. Feature maps There are both coarse grained and fine grained feature maps which represent specific low level visual features such as specific colours and line segments as per feature integration theory based on visual search experiments (Treisman, 1986); in addition there is a hierarchical structure of feature maps, maps at a higher level integrating information from lower level maps. This builds up to object recognition; this mechanism is very over simplified, but as with all the components in the architecture, gross simplifications are ....

Treisman, A. (1986). Features and objects in visual processing. Scientific American, pages 106--115.

....system (for details see (Kruger, Peters and v.d. Malsburg, 1996) We restrict ourselves to those aspects relevant to the discussion in section 3. In our approach we limit ourselves to form processing and we ignore color, movement, texture, and binocular information. In the literature (see e.g. (Treisman, 1986)) a largely independent processing of these different clues is assumed with the shape clue as the most powerful one for higher level classification tasks. The object recognition system is influenced by an older system developed in the von der Malsburg group (Lades et al. 1992; Wiskott et al. ....

....as cross like figures (Shevelev et al. 1995) or curved lines (Dobbins and Zucker, 1987) were found in striate cortex. A contributory factor for curvature as a feature computed preattentively (i.e. processed at very early stages of visual processing) arises from psychophysical experiments in (Treisman, 1986) who showed that a curved line pops out in a set of straight lines. A question that is still open is the role of feedback in early stages of visual processing. It has been argued (Oram and Perrett, 1994) that the short recognition time humans need for unknown objects (in the range of 100ms) ....

Treisman, A. (1986). Features and objects in visual processing. Scientific American, 255(5):114--125.

....that people have a very limited short term memory span. Feature maps there are both coarse grained and fine grained feature maps which represent specific low level visual features such as specific colours and line segments as per feature integration theory based on visual search experiments (Treisman, 1986); in addition there is a hierarchical structure of feature maps, maps at a higher level integrating information from lower level maps. This builds up to object recognition; this mechanism is very over simplified, but as with all the components in the architecture, gross simplifications are ....

Treisman, A. (1986). Features and objects in visual processing. Scientific American, pages 106--115.

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Anne Treisman. Features and objects in visual processing. Scientific American, 255:114--125, 1986.

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A. Treisman, "Features and objects in visual processing," Sci. Am., Vol. 255, pp. 106-125, 1986.

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A. Treisman, "Features and objects in visual processing", Scientific American, November, 1986.

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A. Treisman. Features and objects in visual processing. Scientific American, 254(11):114--125, 1986.

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A. Treisman, Features and objects in visual processing, Scientific American, 255:5, 114-125 (1986).

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Anne Treisman. Features and objects in visual processing. Scientific American, 255:114--125, 1986.

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Treisman, A. (1990). Features and objects in visual processing. In I. Rock (Ed.), The Perceptual World (pp. 97-110). New York, NY: W. H. Freeman and Company.

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A. Treisman, "Features and objects in visual processing," Scientific American,vol. 255, pp. 114B-125, 1986.

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A. Treisman. Features and objects in visual processing. Scientific American, 255(1):114B--125, 1986.

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