Bardram, J. (1997): Plans as situated action: An activity theory approach to workflow systems. In Ecscw 97: Proceedings of the fifth european conference on computer supported cooperative work.Lancaster, UK: Kluwer academic publishers.  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....learning. They involve a shift from an agenda of procedure (define means) and control (of adherence to means) to one of accountability (for outcomes) and empowerment (allowing individuals to choose means and negotiate outcomes) 20] However, we are very sympathetic to Bardram [12] and Dourish [5] s inversions of workflow. Suchman is careful to observe that while human work is improvised within the situation and not the execution of predefined plans, plans and procedures are nevertheless often resources for this situated action [38] Bardram and Dourish s responses to Suchman have been to ....

Jakob E Bardram. Plans as situated actions: An activity theory approach to workflow systems. In [22], 1997.

....and automation of the objective ones. 1 Objective vs Subjective Coordination in MAS In the context of the disciplines studying models for coordination of work, two opponent approaches have emerged and debated: planning and situated action, or rather the planning work and the situated work [1]. In the former, tasks (and related agents human or artificial) are coordinated by scripts, plans, computerised (formal) procedures that control and manage task interaction, pre scribing order of execution, synchronisation, and exchange of information. Workflow systems are a well known example. ....

....generative mechanisms of work, but are merely used to reflect on work, before or after. On the other hand, we find that plans, as more or less formal representations, play a fundamental role in almost any organisation by giving order to work and thereby they effectively help getting the work done [1]. A similar contrast can be recognised in the context of coordination in multiagent systems, between subjective and objective approaches [24] Subjective coordination approaches, rooted in the distributed artificial intelligence (DAI) research field, consider coordination as the process by ....

J. Bardram. Plans as situated action: An activity theory approach to workflow systems. In Proceedings of ECSCW 97 Conference, Sept. 1997.

....mental processes, external behaviour and motivational processes that are combined and directed to achieve conscious goals [2] Activity theory argues that task is the basic component of the activity and is defined by Leontjev as a situation requiring realisation of a goal in specific conditions. [1] describes that activity is directed toward an ideal object that constitutes the motive of activity and is realised through chains of actions. Action is one of the motor components of activity. Each action is controlled by the conscious goals of actor and each goal is an anticipation of the ....

Bardram J., Huhes J. et al. (eds), Plans as Situated Actions : An Activity Theory Approach to Workflow Systems, Proceedings of the Fith European Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 17-32. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1997

....in an extended audit trail, gives unique material for later reasoning about the process, increasing the probability of informed decision making and learning from experience. Externalising what you have done in a process model is also important for the hpp #hivyv# of individuals and organisations [4], a property that is becoming increasingly important with the increased rate of change. Empowerment As more and more routine tasks have been automated, the remaining challenge of work support technologies is knowledge work; work relying heavily on the intangible skills and tacit knowledge of ....

....services. WORKWARE process models represent planned and ongoing (partially) connected instances of work items. At any time, the users may alter the model of a workflow, changing future interpretation of events by the enactment software. Thus, the models are considered resources for situated action [39, 7, 4]; they are socially constructed artefacts forming the basis for performing work. Activation Flow of work is propagated through hp#vo ooh#vt flows and connectors. Activation may be triggered by users invoking coordination services, or internally by the enactment component interpreting effects of ....

Bardram, J. E. Plans as Situated Action: An Activity Theory Approach to Workflow Systems, Fifth European Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, Lancaster, England, 1997.

....therefore have to allow for runtime changes to the original plan and will have to provide contextual information about the running process to the actor as a basis for reasoning about the possible next steps. Process maps, a representation of plans, can serve as part of such contextual information [3, 16, 17]. Second, as Newell and Simon [13] point out, our environment includes well structured and less wellstructured problems. Consequently, we have problems with well defined solution strategies and others, where the solutions strategy is rather unclear [15] The transparency of the solution strategy ....

J. E. Bardram, "Plans as Situated Action: An Activity Theory Approach to Workflow Systems," presented at Fifth European Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997.

....will be immediately reflected in all the different representations. The alternative would be to maintain two different systems in parallel perhaps an information store that describes medication information, and a separate schedule that outlines nursing tasks, such as that observed by Bardram (1997). However, the possibility for inconsistency and the difficulty of moving information back and forth would compromise the SICU s ability to coordinate activities around the patient; it is important that the underlying information be shared. The role of shared information in promoting coordination ....

Bardram, J.E. (1997). "Plans as Situated Action: An Activity Theory Approach to Workflow Systems," Proceedings of the European Conference on ComputerSupported Cooperative Work ECSCW'97.(Lancaster, UK), Dodrecht: Kluwer, pp. 17-32.

....of another if there is a resource that is shared by both activities (see constraint in Figure 1) 3.2. Activity theory Activity theory was introduced in the CSCW arena by Kuutti in [12] Eversince, this theory has become increasingly popular among CSCW researchers and practitioners [2], 16] According to this theory, an activity is the basic unit of analysis. An activity is a collective phenomenon that transforms a material object. An activity is realised through a series of actions, each action being carried out by a number of operations. The objective of an activity is ....

Bardram, J.E.: Plans as Situated Action: an Activity Theory Approach to Workflow Systems. Proceedings of the 1997 European Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (ECSCW'97), pp. 1732, 1997.

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Bardram, J. (1997): Plans as situated action: An activity theory approach to workflow systems. In Ecscw 97: Proceedings of the fifth european conference on computer supported cooperative work.Lancaster, UK: Kluwer academic publishers.

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Bardram, J. E. (1997). Plans as situated action: an activity theory approach to workflow systems. In Proceedings of the Fifth European Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, ECSCW'97 (pp. 17--32). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

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Bardram, J.E., Plans as situated action: An Activity Theory approach to workflow systems . Proceedings of ECSCW'97 Conference, Lancaster UK, September, 1997. http://www.daimi.aau.dk/~bardram/ ECSCW97.html

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Bardram, J. E. Plans as Situated Action: An Activity Theory Approach to Workflow Systems, ECSCW Conference, Lancaster, England, 1997.

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Bardram, J. E.: `Plans as situated action: An activity theory approach to workflow systems,' in J. A. Hughes at al. (eds.): ECSCW '97. Proceedings of the Fifth European Conference on ComputerSupported Cooperative Work, 7-11 September 1997, Lancaster, U.K., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1997, pp. 17-32.

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