MacLennan, B. (1991). Synthetic ethology: An approach to the study of communication. In Langton, C. G., Taylor, C., Farmer, J. D., & Rasmussen, S. (Eds.), Artificial Life II. AddisonWesley, Redwood City, CA.  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....two way mappings between meanings, signals, and meanings again. That is, speakers must evolve a mapping between private meanings and public signals, and hearers must evolve a complementary mapping such that private meanings can be recovered, more or less reliably, from public signals (see, e.g. [31, 43]) The fact that under the right circumstances such mappings can arise has now been safely established. Have such findings in ALife been picked up on by linguistics The short answer is no. An examination of recent Introduction to Linguistics courses and textbooks shows that ALife does not ....

MacLennan, B. (1992). Synthetic ethology: an approach to the study of communication. In C. G. Langton, C. Taylor, J. D. Farmer and S. Rasmussen (eds.). Artificial Life II. Redwood City, CA: Addison-Wesley, pp. 631-658.

....act designed solely to convey information to other robots on the team. Several researchers have studied the effect of communication on the performance of multi robot teams in a variety of tasks, and have concluded that communication provides certain benefit for particular types of tasks (e.g. [43], 16] Additionally, these researchers have found that, in many cases, communication of even a small amount of information can lead to great benefit (e.g. 16] More recent work in multi robot communication has focused on representations of languages and the grounding of these ....

B. MacLennan. Synthetic ethology: An approach to the study of communication. In Proceedings of the 2nd interdisciplinary workshop on synthesis and simulation of living systems, pages 631--658, 1991.

....specific act designed solely to convey information to other robots on the team. Several researchers have studied the effect of communication on the performance of multi robot teams in a variety of tasks, and have concluded that communication provides certain benefit for particular types of tasks [27,6]. Additionally, these researchers have found that, in many cases, communication of even a small amount of information can lead to great benefit [6] More recent work in multi robot communication has focused on representations of languages and the grounding of these representations in the physical ....

Bruce MacLennan. Synthetic ethology: An approach to the study of communication. In Proceedings of the 2nd interdisciplinary workshop on synthesis and simulation of living systems, pages 631-658, 1991.

....Huber and Durfee [20] have developed a mul tiple resolution, hierarchical plan recognition system to coordinate the motion of two interacting mobile robots based upon belief networks. Other researchers have studied the effect of communication in providing action knowledge. For example, MacLennan [24] investigates the evolution of com munication in simulated worlds and concludes that the communication of local robot information can result in sig nificant performance improvements; Werner and Dyer [38] examine the evolution of communication which facilitates the breeding and propagation of ....

Bruce MacLennan. Synthetic ethology: An approach to the study of communication. In Proceedings of the 2nd interdisciplinary workshop on synthesis and simulation of living systems, pages 631-658, 1991.

....of language is sub divided into two theories. The first, denotational theory, argues that the meaning of a word is the same as the object or concept it denotes. Such a system is highly restrictive and does not allow for ambiguities which naturally occur even in the most simple language systems[3]. The second argument states that meaning emerges from a shared pool of beliefs, also termed a cultural background) While this approach may be closer to the truth, the difficulty of extracting language specific insights from culture is, particularly for humans, extremely difficult. 2.2 ....

....of human cultural interactions, much research has been undertaken in the domain of animal communication. This is usually accomplished by observing animal behaviour in captivity. The main drawback is that this tends to give rise to skewed results as animals never behave normally in such conditions[3]. Typically, such approaches only examine very restricted portions of animal behaviour, particularly as a result of the difficulty in providing stable environments, where the experimenter is in control of the vast number of variables involved. 2.3 Ethological Ethology recognises the need to ....

B. MacLennan. Synthetic ethology: An approach to the study of communication. In Artificial Life II: The Second Workshop on the Synthesis and Simulation of Living Systems, Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, pages 631--635, 1992.

.... biochemistry) what behaviors arti#cial neural networks exhibit is a topic that has received little attention in the literature (one example is the work of Nol# and Parisi [34] Finally, although a number of researchers have reported on studies of the evolution of communication in animats (e.g. [5, 26, 27, 33, 52]) none of the studies conducted so far have involved agents as complex as the norns in Creatures, and so the interaction between genetic evolution, lifetime learning, and cultural transmission of information (i.e. population memetics : See, e.g. 7] remains a topic open for further research. ....

MacLennan, B. J. (1992). Synthetic ethology: An approach to the study of communication. In C. G. Langton, C. Taylor, J. D. Farmer, & S. Rasmussen (Eds.), Arti#cial Life II: Proceedings of the Interdisciplinary Workshop on the Synthesis and Simulation of Living Systems, Vol. X of Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity (pp. 631--658). Redwood City, CA: Addison-Wesley.

....In our approach, robots do not store position information for robots that are not relatively close (made explicit below) In addition to robot position information, team members need to determine the positions and velocities of the targets within their own field of view. Since previous work [14, 19] has shown that communication and awareness of robot team member actions can significantly improve the quality of a distributed solution for certain task domains, we supplement a robot s knowledge of target movements gained from direct sensing (e.g. from its cameras or sonar) with position and ....

Bruce MacLennan. Synthetic ethology: An approach to the study of communication. In Proceedings of the 2nd interdisciplinary workshop on synthesis and simulation of living systems, pages 631 658, 1991.

....nicht, nur die Dinge umzustrukturieren; man mu in der Phantasie auch den eigenen Standort verndern, sich also beispielsweise vorstellen knnen, auf der Kiste zu stehen, um zu begreifen, wie die Banane zu erreichen ist. BK 91, p. 170] 6 Giving a definition of communication is problematic [McL 92, p. 637f] cf. also entry communication in [McF 87] In animal communication a variety of more or less elaborate communication means has developed under evolutionary pressure. Structural means, the socalled batches (e.g. typically coloured feathers of birds) can be distinguished from ....

MacLennan, B., Synthetic Ethology: An Approach to the Study of Communication, in: Langton, C. G. et al. (Eds), Artificial Life II, AddisonWesley, 1992, 631-659

....adaptive systems is not good enough. As Niyogi Berwick (1997) point out, our intuitions about the evolution of even simple dynamical systems are often wrong. Recently, many researchers have responded to this problem by taking a computational perspective (for example, Hurford 1989; Hurford 1991; MacLennan 1991; Batali 1994; Oliphant 1996; Cangelosi Parisi 1996; Steels 1996; Kirby Hurford 1997; Briscoe 1997; Briscoe this volume, Batali this volume, Hurford this volume) 2 This paper follows on from this line of work, and also borrows from language learning algorithms developed in computational ....

MACLENNAN, BRUCE. 1991. Synthetic ethology: an approach to the study of communication. In Artificial Life II, ed. by C.G. Langton, C. Taylor, J.D. Farmer, & S. Ramussen, 631--657. Addison-Wesley.

....of classes of sentence instances. 1.5. 2 Language as more than a sign system There is another, equally fundamental approach to the study of language which views it as the common property of groups of individuals, transmitted culturally a system of situated and related behaviours (see [158, 104, 68] for philosophical, non linear dynamic and computational linguistic perspectives) The main difference underlying these two approaches lies in the varying breadths of understanding of our idea of context. The narrow, well defined sense of context is linguistic context the words which precede ....

....has a tendency to become more limiting the larger a linguistically designed grammar gets the more rules and features, the more chances for inappropriate interactions between them. This insight is analogous to that made by many critics of traditional Artificial Intelligence methodologies [1, 77, 10, 17, 16, 25, 99, 104, 155]. Probability based procedures for selecting appropriate parses and word classifications possess, in principle, the machinery for improving upon some of these limitations discussed by Bod. The competence grammar of a language user relates to the general structural capacities of that grammar and ....

Bruce MacLennan. Synthetic ethology : An approach to the study of communication. In Christpoher G. Langton, Charles Taylor, J. Doyne Farmer, and Steen Rasmussen, editors, Artificial Life II : A Proceedings Volume in the Santa Fe Institute for Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, pages 631--658. Addison-Wesley, 1991.

....or one of its current sensory input [59] It gets reinforced (reinforcement learning[58] increase of statistic bias for the sensor[59] on the validity of its choice. The embodied aspect of grounding of meaning has also been neglected by simulated studies of language evolution (e.g. 60] 61] [62], 63] 64] In these works, grounding of communication is regarded as a computational problem that can be solved solely by means of combinatorial analysis. For these authors, categorization of sensor perceptions into concepts results from a process of statistical elimination among all possible ....

B. MacLennan. Synthetic ethology: an approach to the study of communication. In J. D. Farmer C. G. Langton, C. Taylor and S. Rasmussen, editors, Proceedings of the Second Artificial Life Workshop, pages 631--658, 1991.

....of the robot as opposed to being disembodied, with the input given by a human experimenter and the output again interpreted by the human observer. Some initial experiments have been reported in the Alife literature on how communication itself may arise to aid cooperation between agents [4], 13] In this paper, we assume that there is already communication and focus instead on the grounding problem, as in [16] How the evolving language is anchored into the sensory and motor data streams generated through normal behavior. We also address the problem of the origin of meaning: How the ....

MacLennan, B. (1991) Synthetic Ethology: An Approach to the Study of Communication. In: Langton, C., et.al. (ed.) Artificial Life II. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. Redwood City, Ca. p. 631-658.

....DG FG 86NE37969, by the National Science Foundation under grant IRI 9015423, by the PYI award IRI 9158473, by ONR grant N00014 95 1 0775 and by the National Science Foundation CAREER award IRI 9702132. 1 1 Introduction This paper follows the tradition of cognitive science and related fields [5, 11, 30], according to which the fundamental function of communication is to confer some advantage to the speaker by influencing what the hearer(s) knows and intends to do. The contribution of this paper is to propose a well defined mechanism that realizes this function in autonomous, self interested ....

....or RMM Random 4.86 Sigma 0.58 1079.52 Sigma 210.64 random) Human Random 4.85 Sigma 0.59 1115.57 Sigma 228.94 Note) For all of cases, Battery1 is fully functional. f :05;2;57 = 3:15, f :01;3;76 = 4:13 11 Related Work As we mentioned, our approach follows the tradition of cognitive science [5, 11, 30], which postulates that the function of communication is to confer some advantage to the speaker by influencing what the hearer knows and intends to do. For instance, MacLennan ( 30] page 636) states that If we want genuine meaning and original intentionality, then communication must have real ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Bruce MacLennan. Synthetic ethology: An approach to the study of communication. In C. G. Langton, C. Taylor, J. D. Farmer, and S. Rasmussen, editors, Artificial Life II, SFI Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, pages 631--658. Addison-Wesley, 1991.

....D. A. 441, 14] Littman, Michael L. 47] Logar, Antonette M. 183] Lohmann, Reinhard, 442, 443] Louis, Sushil John, 444] Lovell, Byrne, 445] Lucasius, Carlos B. 446, 447, 448, 449, 450] Lybanon, M. 491] Machado, Ricardo Jose, 715] Maclay, David, 457] MacLennan, Bruce J. [456] Maeda, Y. 370] Magdalena, Luis, 675] Magele, C. A. 268] 16 Genetic algorithms of 1992 Mahfoud, Samir W. 250, 261, 458, 459, 460] Maimon, O. 532] Manderick, Bernard, 461] Mandischer, Martin, 462] Manela, Mauro, 342] Maniezzo, Vittorio, 166, 171, 463, 464] Manner, R. 315] ....

.... 523] electronics, 79] mechanical, 457, 576, 672] mining, 146] municipal, 427] nuclear, 277, 278, 554] petroleum, 454] pipes, 123, 638] power, 164, 165, 278, 505, 506, 554, 675] structural, 287, 562, 614, 637] environment, 271] epistasis, 139] estimation, 352] ethology, [456] evolution, 63, 222, 284, 354, 379, 407, 408, 422, 439, 567] evolution learning, 538] evolutionary algorithms, 70] evolutionary programming, 174, 200, 201, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 328, 477, 630] evolutionary programs, 577] Evolver, 147] expert systems, 686, 708, 709] exponential ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Bruce J. MacLennan. Synthetic ethology: An approach to the study of communication. In Langton et al.

....an speci c act designed solely to convey information to other robots on the team. Several researchers have studied the e ect of communication on the performance of multi robot teams in a variety of tasks, and have concluded that communication provides certain bene t for particular types of tasks [27,6]. Additionally, these researchers have found that, in many cases, communication of even a small amount of information can lead to great bene t [6] More recent work in multi robot communication has focused on representations of languages and the grounding of these representations in the physical ....

Bruce MacLennan. Synthetic ethology: An approach to the study of communication. In Proceedings of the 2nd interdisciplinary workshop on synthesis and simulation of living systems, pages 631-658, 1991.

....(speaker) producing a signal that, when responded to by another agent (hearer) confers some advantage (or the statistical probability of it) to the speaker. This definition paraphrases the definition in [5] and is supported by numerous approaches to study of communication in cognitive science [6, 16]. It says that the communicative act must be purposeful and beneficial to the speaker. Given the framework of above, it can be readily interpreted as a condition that a communicative act lead to an increase of the speaker s assessment of it s own expected utility. Further, is allows us to treat ....

B. MacLennan. Synthetic ethology: An approach to the study of communication. In C. G. Langton, C. Taylor, J. D. Farmer, and S. Rasmussen, editors, Artificial Life II, SFI Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, pages 631--658. Addison-Wesley, 1991.

....network approach in order to address the problem of how to attach the meaning to a word, e.g. how can one agent s perception and description of the world make sense for another agent that is physically different. Examples of related work on agent communication and social behaviour are [12] 15] [14], 1] and [13] 17] Our 2 approach is different since it combines the following aspects. 1) The learning of the language is not implicit in the mechanisms and the learning architecture which we use. 2) Communication is not treated as a specialised module inside the control architecture of the ....

B. MacLennan,(1991) `Synthetic ethology: an approach to the study of communication ', Proc. of the Second Artificial Life Workshop, C. G. Langton, C. Taylor, J. D. Farmer and S. Rasmussen editors, pages 631-658.

.... inception, yet the work resulting from this interest has consistently failed to address issues of current interest within evolutionary biology, typically preferring to demonstrate the potential for communicative behavior to evolve under some selective pressure favoring information exchange (e.g. MacLennan, 1991; Werner Dyer, 1991) As a result this largely exploratory body of work has made little impact within the evolutionary biology literature. The time has come to demonstrate the worth of this modeling approach by producing research that interfaces with that published in biology journals and ....

MacLennan, B. (1991). Synthetic Ethology: An Approach to the Study of Communication. In Langton, C. G., Taylor, C., Farmer, J. D., & Rasmussen, S. (Eds.), Artificial Life II --- SFI Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, Vol. X, pp. 631--658 Redwood City, California. Addison-Wesley.

....agents. Similar approaches are currently under study in social sciences [7] 8] The multi agent paradigm seems well adapted to the study of these phenomena (see discussion in [6] Interesting results have already been obtained for different areas of language: simple communication codes [2] [13] [15] 22] coordination [4] 5] meaning and class formation [16] conventional lexicons [10] 17] 20] phonetics [3] and syntax [1] 9] 18] An overview of this approach is given in [19] This paper focuses on the links between class formation and lexicon building. This topic is a fundamental ....

....is given in [19] This paper focuses on the links between class formation and lexicon building. This topic is a fundamental issue in cognitive science, linguistics and philosophy (see [12] Most of the existing computational models study how agents can associate a single word with a referent [13][15] 17] 21] 22] The referents can be categories, classes of objects, concepts either predefined in the model or evolving from processes distinct from the language formation itself. This amounts to assuming that an object table corresponds to a concept table independently of the agents naming ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

B. MacLennan. Synthetic ethology: An approach to the study of communication. In C. Langton, editor, Artificial Life II, Redwood City, Ca., 1991. AddisonWesley Pub. Co.

....prefer in future games those names that had the highest score. This generates the desired positive feedback loop bringing the group progressively towards global coherence. The naming game has been explored through computational simulations and is related to systems proposed and investigated by [MacLennan, 1991], Werner and Dyer, 1991] and [Oliphant, 1996] We have developed more complex variations of the game where the meaning consist of symbolic descriptions derived from discrimination games [Steels, 1997a] The game has also been implemented on physically grounded mobile robotic agents [Steels and ....

B. MacLennan. Synthetic ethology: An approach to the study of communication. In C. Langton, editor, Artificial Life II, Redwood City, Ca., 1991. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.

....possible evolved signals. In most earlier simulations of the evolution of communication, the function of communicating has been taken to be the dissemination of information that will benefit the survival prospects of either the sender or the sender s relatives. One of the first such studies was MacLennan s (1990, 1992) series of synthetic ethology experiments, which investigated the ways in which meaningful signals could arise in a breeding population of simorgs. Meaningful signals in this case are those that tell an organism how to behave in response to an unknown aspect of the environment, so as to increase ....

.... signals to evolve, MacLennan divides up his artificial world into local environments and restricts direct knowledge of each local environment to a single simorg, thereby permit[ting] some simorgs to see things that others cannot; otherwise there would be no advantage in communicating (MacLennan, 1992, p. 639) Both signaller and receiver benefit in terms of a fitness gain if they successfully transmit information about a local environment. This is in marked contrast to the use of signals as a way of attracting other organisms (as potential mates) rather than informing them in our ....

MacLennan, B.J. (1992). Synthetic Ethology: An Approach to the Study of Communication. In C. Langton, C. Taylor, J. D. Farmer, and S. Rasmussen (Eds.), Artificial Life II (pp. 631-658). Reading, MA: AddisonWesley.

....The present paper goes beyond this earlier work by using vision as source of sensory data and by showing the very beginnings of syntax. The research reported here is related to a lot of work currently being done in machine learning as well as recent work on the origins of language, as discussed in [14], 9] 1] 7] and [10] This related research is extensively surveyed in [22] The rest of the paper is in four sections. The next section (section 2) introduces the experimental setup used to validate mechanisms for the origins of language and meaning and study their performance. Then the main ....

MacLennan, B. (1991) Synthetic Ethology: An approach to the study of communication. In: Langton, C., et.al. (1991) Artificial Life II, AddisonWesley Pub. Cy, Redwood City Ca.

....form of representations (including the origin of syntactic structure) and its content (e.g. the origin of space, time, objecthood, etc. This research is related to a lot of work currently being done in machine learning but most specifically to recent work on the origins of language, such as by [MacLennan, 1991], Hutchins and Hazelhurst, 1995] Batali, 1997] Hurford, 1989] Kirby, 1996] and others, as has been extensively surveyed in [Steels, 1997b] One of the key hypotheses underlying our approach is that communication through language is the main driving force in bootstrapping the ....

Bruce MacLennan. Synthetic Ethology: An approach to the study of communication. In: Langton, C., et.al. (1991) Artificial Life II, AddisonWesley Pub. Cy, Redwood City Ca., 1991.

....art . Reports from several such experiments have shown that communication codes can evolve even in very simple situations. For instance, MacLennan s automata connect a three digit input to a one digit output, and evolve under suitable conditions to establish cooperation through message exchange (MacLennan 1992) (Crumpton 1994) Similarly, language driven mating in a simulated grid environment leads to one or several coherent dialects expressing spatial directives (Werner Dyer 1992) On the other side, Hashimoto Ikegami 1997) focused their experiment on syntax, using symbolic agents without any ....

MacLennan B. 1992, Synthetic Ethology: An Approach to the study of communication, Artificial Life II, Santa Fe, New Mexico, pp. 631--658.

....has some advantage to the signaler or his group. Probability of Advantage These considerations may lead one to a more refined definition by relaxing the condition of advantage to its statistical probability. The result of this would be a definition similar to that from [Burghardt, 1970] used in [MacLennan, 1991]: Communication is the phenomenon of one organism producing a signal that, when responded to by another organism, confers some advantage (or the statistical probability of it) to the signaler or his group. Although this definition is more precise than our first attempt, the central concept of ....

MacLennan, B. (1991). Synthetic ethology: An approach to the study of communication. In Langton, C. G., Taylor, C., Farmer, J., and Rasmussen, S., editors, Artificial Life II, SFI Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, volume X. Addison-Wesley.

....In our approach, robots do not store position information for robots that are not relatively close (made explicit below) In addition to robot position information, team members need to determine the positions and velocities of the targets within their own field of view. Since previous work [14, 19] has shown that communication and awareness of robot team member actions can significantly improve the quality of a distributed solution for certain task domains, we supplement a robot s knowledge of target movements gained from direct sensing (e.g. from its cameras or sonar) with position and ....

Bruce MacLennan. Synthetic ethology: An approach to the study of communication. In Proceedings of the 2nd interdisciplinary workshop on synthesis and simulation of living systems, pages 631--658, 1991.

....using this type of signal. The work as reported in [1] is very preliminary. Werner and Dyer [52] have studied the evolution of communication in synthetic agents. They have demonstrated that directional mating signals can evolve in these systems given the presence of societal necessity. MacLennan [38] also has studied this problem and has concluded that communication can evolve in a society of simple robotic agents. In his studies, the societies which evolved communication were 84 fitter than those in which communication was suppressed. An order of magnitude better performance was observed ....

MacLennan, B., 1991. Synthetic Ethology: An Approach to the Study of Communication. In Artificial Life II, SFI Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, vol. XI, ed. Farmer et al, Addison-Wesley.

....adaptive systems is not good enough. As Niyogi Berwick (1997) point out, our intuitions about the evolution of even simple dynamical systems are often wrong. Recently, many researchers have responded to this problem by taking a computational perspective (for example, Hurford 1989; Hurford 1991; MacLennan 1991; Batali 1994; Oliphant 1996; Cangelosi Parisi 1996; Steels 1996; Kirby Hurford 1997; Briscoe 1997; Briscoe this volume, Batali this volume, Hurford this volume) This paper follows on from this line of work, and also borrows from language learning algorithms developed in computational ....

MACLENNAN, BRUCE. 1991. Synthetic ethology: an approach to the study of communication.

....Huber and Durfee [20] have developed a multiple resolution, hierarchical plan recognition system to coordinate the motion of two interacting mobile robots based upon belief networks. Other researchers have studied the effect of communication in providing action knowledge. For example, MacLennan [24] investigates the evolution of communication in simulated worlds and concludes that the communication of local robot information can result in significant performance improvements; Werner and Dyer [38] examine the evolution of communication which facilitates the breeding and propagation of ....

Bruce MacLennan. Synthetic ethology: An approach to the study of communication. In Proceedings of the 2nd interdisciplinary workshop on synthesis and simulation of living systems, pages 631--658, 1991.

.... the major transitions towards more complexity in living systems, beginning with the origin of life itself, 5] and of artificial life experiments seeking to synthesise a spontaneous increase in complexity [4] Of particular interest here are related experiments on the origin of communication [6], the origin of vocabulary [15] 12] and the growth in complexity of syntax [3] There is also a secondary motivation. Understanding the mechanisms by which a language self organises, may make a bottom up approach to artificial intelligence possible [10] Although much progress has been made ....

MacLennan, B. (1991) Synthetic Ethology: An Approach to the Study of Communication. In: Langton, C., et.al. (ed.) Artificial Life II. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. Redwood City, Ca. p. 631-658.

.... which are more or less characteristic of natural living systems [6] One of the nice things about artificial life is that it allows us to create a silicon world where we can investigate the behavior of simulated organisms without worrying about studying them in their messy natural environment [3, 5]. Two other important advantages are that evolution can occur at a much quicker rate and identical populations can evolve under a variety of different parameters [4] When artificial life is used to study the behavioral and social aspects of an organism in a simulated environment, we define it as ....

Bruce MacLennan. Synthetic ethology: An approach to the study of communication. In Artificial Life II, 1992.

....in the first place, how language can be learned, why language keeps evolving, and why there are so many diverse languages. The artificial life approach has already shed some light on these issues. Several researchers have carried out experiments to investigate the origin of communication [5], the origin of vocabulary [6] and the growth in complexity of syntax [3] These researchers assume that genetic evolution is the main driving force towards new structure, coherence, and more complexity. But humans learn the languages present in their environment during their life time. There is ....

MacLennan, B. (1991) Synthetic Ethology: An Approach to the Study of Communication. In: Langton, C., et.al. (ed.) Artificial Life II. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. Redwood City, Ca. p. 631-658.

.... to the next, and evolve, we have developed a minimal model of language use in a dynamically evolving population, called the naming game (Steels, 1996) The naming game has been explored through computational simulations and is related to systems proposed and investigated by (Oliphant, 1996) (MacLennan, 1991), Werner and Dyer, 1991) a.o. It has even been implemented on robotic agents who develop autonomously a shared lexicon grounded in their sensori motor experiences (Steels and Vogt, 1997) Steels, 1997) The naming game focuses on associating form and meaning. Obviously in human natural ....

B. MacLennan. 1991. Synthetic ethology: An approach to the study of communication. In C. Langton, editor, Artificial Life II, Redwood City, Ca. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.

....possibly alternating. Some examples are [Yanco and Stein, 1993] Billard and Hayes, 1997] and [Steels and Vogt, 1997] all of which are interesting in that real robots are used to investigate the development of communication. An example of work where agents are not appointed different roles is [MacLennan, 1991].An investigation of the issue of altruism, i.e. how can language evolve if only receiving, and not producing truthful signals has a clear benefit, is presented in [Ackley and Littman, 1994] The structure of the paper is as follows. In the following section, the environment of the agents is ....

MacLennan, B. (1991). Synthetic ethology: An approach to the study of communication. In Langton, C. G., Taylor, C., Farmer, J., and Rasmussen, S., editors, Artificial Life II, SFI Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, volume X. Addison-Wesley.

....organisms will cooperate if they share enough of the same genes because what counts is the further propagation of these genes not the survival of the individual organism. Axelrod [2] Lindgren [18] and others have shown that cooperation will arise even if every agent is entirely selfish. McLennan [22] and Werner and Dyer [34] have experimentally shown that communication arises as a side effect of cooperation if it is beneficial for cooperation. The emergent communication systems discussed in these papers do not constitute a language in the normal definition of the word, however. The number of ....

MacLennan, B. (1991) Synthetic Ethology: An Approach to the Study of Communication. In: Langton, C., et.al. (ed.) Artificial Life II. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. Redwood City, Ca. p. 631-658.

....experiences of the robot as opposed to being disembodied, with the input given by a human experimenter and the output again interpreted by the human observer. Some initial experiments have been reported in the Alife literature on how communication itself may arise to aid cooperation between agents [5], 15] In this paper, we assume that there is already communication and focus instead on the grounding problem, as in [18] How the evolving language is anchored into the sensory and motor data streams generated through normal behavior. We also address the problem of the origin of meaning: How the ....

MacLennan, B. (1991) Synthetic Ethology: An Approach to the Study of Communication. In: Langton, C., et.al. (ed.) Artificial Life II. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. Redwood City, Ca. p. 631-658.

....to see what changes had to be made to encourage the simorgs to evolve a more successful language consisting of signals made up of two symbols. The most important change made in this study was to the environment and the rules being used to govern the action of simorgs. In the original work (MacLennan 1990, 1992), there was only one global symbol, not two as used in this study. Therefore each simorg was only given one chance to respond during its turn. Also, the simorgs did not have the option of doing nothing. During each simorg s turn, the simorg had to either emit or act. After making the discussed ....

....0 130 1679 684 H= 5.1 Different Pairs= Different Pairs= 4 Non Repeating Pairs= Non Repeating Pairs= Non Repeating Pairs= 0 Figure 4 Denotation Matrix From MacLennan s Original Research 14 Another area to be examined was the use of different learning rules. The learning rule used originally in MacLennan (1990, 1992) is a single case learning rule. If a simorg performed a wrong action, the phenotype of the simorg was changed so that the simorg would have produced the correct behavior under precisely the same circumstances. While this learning rule was adequate for communication using of one symbol, it did not ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

MacLennan, B. J. (1992). Synthetic ethology: An approach to the study of communication.

....organic compound . They seem to be extremely exciting to study. Finally, we must return to the topic mentioned in introduction. We have need to create really valuable culture in the 21 st century. Although we can not see that we might be able to create, for example, Brain Like Computer [31][35], we want to have a dream of returning to Brain some day if Science and Technology exist for love to human being and Earth. 5 Acknowledgment I thank very much Imada Akira at Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST) The ideas in this paper were almost derived from discussions with him. ....

B.MacLennan,"Synthetic Ethology: An Approach to the Study of Communication",C.G.Langton,C.Taylar,J.D.Farmer,S.Rasumussen,"Artificial Life II",Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity,vol.X (Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on the Synthesis and Simulation of living Systems),pp631-658,Addison-Wesley,1994.

No context found.

MacLennan, B. J. (1992). Synthetic ethology: An approach to the study of communication. In C. G. Langton, C. Taylor, J. D. Farmer & S. Rasmussen (Eds.), Articial life II: The second workshop on the synthesis and simulation of living systems, pp. 631-658. Redwood City (CA): Addison-Wesley.

....to influence receivers in a way that benefits the signaller or its group. Although it may be difficult in the natural environment to reduce such a definition to operational terms, the techniques of synthetic ethology allow carefully controlled experimental investigation of meaningful symbol use (MacLennan 1990b, 1992; MacLennan Burghardt submitted) For example, we ve demonstrated the evolution of meaningful symbol use from meaningless symbol manipulation in a population of simple machines. 2.3 Despite our differences, I agree with Harnad s requirement that meaningful symbols be grounded. Furthermore, ....

MacLennan, B. J. (1992). Synthetic ethology: An approach to the study of communication. In: C. G. Langton, C. Taylor, J. D. Farmer and S. Rasmussen (Eds.), Artificial Life II (pp. 631--658). Redwood City, CA: Addison-Wesley.

No context found.

MacLennan, B. (1991). Synthetic ethology: An approach to the study of communication. In Langton, C. G., Taylor, C., Farmer, J. D., & Rasmussen, S. (Eds.), Artificial Life II. AddisonWesley, Redwood City, CA.

No context found.

Bruce MacLennan, "Synthetic Ethology: An Approach to the Study of Communication," in Artificial Life II, volume X of SFI Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, edited by C. G. Langton, C. Taylor, J. D. Farmer, and S. Rasmussen (Addison-Wesley, Redwood City, CA, 1991).

No context found.

MacLennan, B. (1991). Synthetic ethology: An approach to the study of communication. In (pp. 631--658). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

No context found.

B. MacLennan. Synthetic ethology: An approach to the study of communication. In Articial Life II: The Second Workshop on the Synthesis and Simulation of Living Systems, Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, pages 631 635, 1992.

No context found.

MacLennan, B. (1991) Synthetic Ethology: An Approach to the Study of Communication. In: Langton, C., et.al. (ed.) Artificial Life II. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. Redwood City, Ca. p. 631-658.

No context found.

B. MacLennan. Synthetic ethology: An approach to the study of communication. In Arti- cial Life II: The Second Workshop on the Synthesis and Simulation of Living Systems, Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, pages 631635, 1992.

No context found.

MacLennan, B. (1992). Synthetic ethology: An approach to the study of communication. In C. G. Langton, C. Taylor, J. D. Farmer, & S. Rasmussen (Eds.). Arti#cial life II (pp. 631--658). Redwood City, CA: Addison-Wesley.

No context found.

Bruce MacLennan. Synthetic ethology: An approach to the study of communication. In Articial Life II. Addison Wesley, 1992.

No context found.

MacLennan, B. (1991) Synthetic Ethology: An approach to the study of communication. In: Langton, C., et.al. (1991) Artificial Life II. AddisonWesley Pub. Cy, Redwood City Ca. pp. 603-631.

No context found.

Bruce MacLennan. Synthetic ethology: An approach to the study of communication. In Proceedings of the 2nd interdisciplinary workshop on synthesis and simulation of living systems, pages 631--658, 1991.

First 50 documents  Next 50

Online articles have much greater impact   More about CiteSeer.IST   Add search form to your site   Submit documents   Feedback  

CiteSeer.IST - Copyright Penn State and NEC