ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 11, Information technology -- coding of audio-visual objects, part 1: systems, part 2: visual, part 3: audio, FCD 14496, May 1998.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....3. COSMOS OVERVIEW As previously mentioned, COSMOS is a framework making use of some of MPEG4 s functionality for the purpose of building collaborative applications [2] 6] COSMOS makes use of MPEG4 s Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework (DMIF) for session management and is developed in Java [5]. Java libraries such as Java Compiler Compiler (JavaCC) Java3D and Java Media Framework (JMF) are used for parsing, rendering of 3D scenes and real time transmission respectively. COSMOS implements many of the nodes specified in BIFS in order to allow encoding and decoding of BIFS streams ....

ISO/IEC 14496-6 FCD (MPEG-4), "Information Technology-- Coding of audio-visual objects, Part 6: DMIF", http://drogo.cselt.it/mpeg/public/mpeg-4_fcd, May 1998

....(MPEG) of ISO IEC has put forward a standard for the description of 3D scenes called BInary Format for Scenes (BIFS) as a part of its MPEG4 standard. BIFS is a compact binary format representing a pre defined set of audio visual objects, their behaviors, and their spatio temporal relationships [1]. As outlined in its definition, BIFS addresses various areas of content description such as hierarchical position of objects in a scene graph, temporal and spatial relationships of objects with respect to one another, the attributes of each object such as geometry in case of a 3D object and the ....

ISO/IEC 14496-1, "Information Technology -- Coding of audio-visual objects, Part 1: Systems", January 1999 section 9.2.1.1

....higher quality and better reliability of streaming. The type of video compression, especially whether the compression is scalable or not, is a major factor influencing the granularity of quality adaptive streaming. Because many of the compression formats in common use are not explicitly scalable [17, 16, 18, 15], the target rate is a required parameter for encoding. These formats do not provide explicit support for adapting rate after encoding. Frame dropping is a well known work around, and is probably the most popular video adaptation mechanism, having been used since the first quality adaptive ....

....of pixels of height and width are scalable. Another example is chroma scalability which might allow a range of color fidelities, from 4:4:4 to 4:2:2 to 4:1:1 to greyscale to monochrome. The object based compression techniques might allow content adaptation through addition and removal of objects[18]. These possibilities raise the issue of tailorable adaptation. In order to take full advantage The denotes the right bitwise shift operator, and the denotes the bitwise and operation. of all of these scalability options, there would need to be a good way to control how they are used ....

ISO/IEC. 14496-2 Information technology --- Coding of audio-visual objects --- Part 2: Visual. International Standard, December 1999. First edition.

....at the risk of error propagation. Therefore, a good mode selection between intra mode and inter mode should be in place to enhance the robustness of the video communications using intra and inter coding. For video communication over a network, a coding algorithm such as H. 263 or MPEG 4 [6] usually employs rate control to match the output rate to the available bandwidth. The objective of rate controlled compression algorithms is to maximize the video quality under the constraint of a given bit budget. This can be achieved by choosing a mode that minimizes the quantization distortion ....

ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 11, "Information technology---coding of audio-visual objects. Part 1: Systems, Part 2: Visual, Part 3: Audio," in FCD 14 496, Dec. 1998.

....Frames) for efficient access and update of scenes as well as a Synchronization Layer for conveying temporal information. The Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework (DMIF) of the standard defines a delivery layer interface and multiplexing of multiple natural and synthetic media streams [8]. The applicability of the MPEG 4 standard in its entirety with regards to the issue of 3D content on the web is outside the scope of this paper. Instead we concentrate on scene and animation coding and streaming using BIFS. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 is an ....

ISO/IEC 14496-6, "Information Technology-- Coding of audio-visual objects, Part 6: DMIF", May 1998

....(MPEG) of ISO IEC has put forward a standard for the description of 3D scenes called BInary Format for Scenes (BIFS) as a part of its MPEG 4 standard. BIFS is a compact binary format representing a predefined set of audio visual objects, their behaviors, and their spatio temporal relationship [6]. BIFS structure and node definitions are based on the Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) 7] a popular format for 3D content. In fact, BIFS can be regarded as the compressed version of VRML in addition to having nodes such as those pertaining to body and facial animation. The MPEG 4 ....

....is significant. For instance, receiving ROUTE nodes that refer to objects not yet received must be handled appropriately. When streaming large scenes, partitioning the scene into individual objects allows for an adaptive transmission of the scene based on the movements of the navigating user [6]. In such a case, the animation streaming scheme used is confined to one that separates animation from the geometry. Scene partitioning, algorithms for adaptively transmitting objects nearer to the user s view along with streaming of progressive meshes as well as progressively refined animation ....

ISO/IEC 14496-1, "Information Technology -- Coding of audio-visual objects, Part 1: Systems", January 1999

....that is: # # r i,0 # # r i,K i # # . 2.2) We note that r i,0 r i,min ; v i,0 0 and r i,K i r i,max ; v i,K i 1. These inequalities are intended to allow the quantization procedure to choose the best quantization levels within the range of r [r i,min r i,max ] and v [0 1]. Similarly, for the corresponding scaled utility function u i (x) the vector representation of its piecewise linear quantization is: # # # u i,0 b i,0 # # u i,K i b i,K i # # , 2.3) b i,k = r i,k r i,0 and u i,k = u i,max v i,k . 2.4) In particular, b i,0 = 0; u i,0 = ....

....image. N is the number of pixels in the picture, x j and y j are the jth pixel in the original and distorted images, respectively. err (r) is non increasing as r increases in [r min , r max ] where err (r min ) sig (r max ) 0. Therefore, v(r) is non decreasing in the range of [0, 1] as r increases in [r min , r max ] In general, the calculation of Equation (2.6) depends on the coding scheme. All of the recent coding standards (e.g. JPEG, JPEG 2000, MPEG 1 2 4) take the same approach of transform coding that decomposes the source into frequency components using block ....

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ISO/IEC 14496-1. Information Technology - Coding of Audio-visual Objects, Part 1: Systems, December 1998. ISO/IEC JT1/SC 29/WG 11 Draft International Standard.

....system in which they were recorded. As a result, a DIVE or MASSIVE session recording can not be used by other systems. In order for the recordings of CVE sessions of different systems to be usable by a variety of players, they must adhere to a recognized standard. This paper presents MPEG 4 [3] based recording of CVE sessions but in fact it could be extended to the recording of stand alone VR simulations as well. 2. CVE Session Recording In order for the recorder to be application independent participating applications are left recording unaware and the recorder joins the ....

ISO/IEC 14496-1, "Information Technology -- Coding of audio-visual objects, Part 1: Systems", January 1999

....techniques is indispensable in this kind of video streaming system. In a live video streaming system, data exchange must be performed in real time. Thus having efficient algorithm and implementation to achieve the state of realtime in the streaming is a necessity in the codec here. Since MPEG 4 [1,2,3] is one of the best compression standards suitable for low bit rate compression, it is adopted in the system. The paper consists of seven parts. Part 1 gives an introduction to this paper. Part 2 gives a systematic view of the developed video streaming system. Part 3 explains the main idea of ....

ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11, "Information technology, coding of audio-visual objects: Visual, ISO/IEC 14496-2, Committee Draft", ISO/IEC N2202, March 1998.

.... against network congestion [5] However, the few systems that carry facial animations over connectionless protocols all employ proprietary encoding schemes [3] 4] The MPEG 4 standard allows for the encoding and representation of a wide range of natural and synthetic audio and video sources [7]. A major difference with previous multimedia standards lies in its object based approach in which a scene is composed of several Audio Visual Objects, each of them being represented through an elementary bitstream. One such object is the Face Object: a threedimensional face model (either human ....

....could be extended to body animation parameters, we will consider the case of a FAP only animation stream. An animation stream (sometimes referred to as synthetic video) is composed of a temporal sequence of Face Object Planes (FOPs) that correspond to video frames in the resulting animation [7]. Each FOP may contain one or more animation parameters: a 2 level bit mask is used to signal which parameters are present in a given frame. If only a subset of the 68 facial animation parameters is received, the decoder generates the missing parameters using the so called FAP interpolation ....

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ISO/IEC 14496-2, Information Technology - Coding of Audio-Visual Objects -- Part 2: Visual, 1999.

....represented through an elementary bitstream. One such object is the Face Object: a threedimensional face model (either human or cartoon like) that may be animated by a set of Facial Animation Parameters (FAP) 2] Because of the complexity of implementing a complete MPEG 4 Systems architecture [6], a common approach in web based applications is that of directly carrying a single elementary stream over the lightweight RTP protocol [8] 16] A general purpose RTP payload format for MPEG 4 elementary streams, proposed in internet draft [17] has been successfully tested with natural video and ....

....error occurs the decoder can resume correctly only from the following I frame. On the other hand start codes are definitely needed to clearly mark I frames boundaries. 3. 3 Number of Frames per RTP Packet Since for many web based applications the implementation of a complete MPEG 4 Systems DMIF [6] transport architecture may result exceedingly complex, general guidelines for directly mapping MPEG 4 elementary streams onto RTP have been described in [8] and [17] The general recommendation is to put one access unit per packet, in order to minimize the effect of losses. Due to encapsulation ....

ISO/IEC 14496-1, Information Technology - Coding of Audio-Visual Objects - Part 1: Systems, 2001.

.... are encoded independently along with information on size and position within the dataset, and, at the decoder, provisions are provided for users to both decode an object of interest and also to interactively manipulate object composition without the need to decode the entire scene [1] MPEG 4 [2], a recent video compression and multimedia coding standard, relies heavily on object based representation of scenes. MPEG 4 objects include arbitrarily shaped video objects and arbitrarily shaped still image texture objects, among others. Recent efforts at remote visualization, namely [3] also ....

ISO/IEC 14496-2, Information Technology---Coding of Audio-Visual Objects---Part 2: Visual, 1999, MPEG-4 Coding Standard.

....are controlled by a uniform quantizer. Hence the bit allocation is just to apportion the total number of bits available for the quantization of the subband signals to minimize the audibility of the quantization noise. For coders such as MPEG Layer 3 [1] MPEG 2 AAC [2] and MPEG4 T F coding [3], controls over the quality and the bit rate are difficult. This is mainly due to the fact that they both use a non uniform quantizer whose quantization noise is varied with respect to the input values. In other words, it fails to control the quality by assigning quantizer parameters according to ....

ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11, "Information TechnologyCoding of audiovisual objects" ISO/IEC. D 4496 (Part 3, Audio), 1999.

....good image quality and have generated much interest in the scienti c community as competitors to DCT based compression schemes. With the nalization of the wavelet based JPEG2000 standard [13] and the inclusion of a wavelet al..gorithm for synthetic natural hybrid coding in MPEG 4 (MPEG 4 VTC) [12, 5] there is no doubt left that wavelet image compression has to be considered state of the art nowadays. In this work, we discuss the parallelization of the MPEG 4 Visual Texture Coding (VTC) standard. The reference software used for our parallelization is the MPEG 4 MoMuSys Veri cation Model of ....

....no doubt left that wavelet image compression has to be considered state of the art nowadays. In this work, we discuss the parallelization of the MPEG 4 Visual Texture Coding (VTC) standard. The reference software used for our parallelization is the MPEG 4 MoMuSys Veri cation Model of Aug. 1999 [5] (ISO IEC JTC1 SC29 WG11 N2805) We use OpenMP (http: www.openmp.org) in our parallel implementations. Section 2 is devoted to a short introduction to MPEG 4 Visual Texture Coding. In this section, a brief comparison to other coding standards is given. Additionally, the main coding stages of the ....

ISO/IEC 14496-2. Information technology - coding of audio-visual objects - part 2: Visual, December 1999.

....combination of scaling techniques applied to one object) and (ii) the aggregation of multiple prioritized video objects in the same video stream. For example, in MPEG 4, a number of elementary object streams corresponding to different video objects can be multiplexed into the same network session [105]. In that case, utility functions constructed for single video objects need to be aggregated together into the form suitable for the utility based bandwidth allocation. In the case of aggregation, a video object priority may be used to define the scaling order for different video objects: a low ....

ISO/IEC 14496-1, "Information Technology - Coding of Audio-visual Objects, Part 1: Systems", ISO/IEC JT1/SC 29/WG 11 Draft International Standard, Dec. 1998.

....to performance for this algorithm are suitability of the algorithm for 4 way or 8 way subword parallelism, low cost but high performance multiplication due to pshiftadd instructions, and fast matrix transposition due to mix instructions. 3.2. Pixel padding Pixel padding [20] is used in MPEG 4 [21]. MPEG 4 differs from previous video compression standards like MPEG 1 and MPEG 2 in that it works on structures called Video Object Planes (VOPs) rather than on frames. The VOP structure permits arbitrary shaped video objects. Padding of an entire 8x8 block is done in four phases: first ....

ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 11, "Information Technology --- Coding of audio-visual objects, Part 1: Systems, Part 2: Visual, Part 3: Audio", FCD 14 496, December 1998.

....the previously predicted frame. The result is used as the new reference frame and is sent to the CODWT module. In this way, successive prediction is realized. This scheme is readily generalized to include any combination of backward and forward prediction that is typically used in coding standards [12]. The decoder operates in a similar manner as noticed from the lower part of Fig. 1. Thus, in the proposed structure, we decode transform domain intra frames and error frames. Because of the separate application of the ME MC procedure at every resolution level, the decoding can stop after a ....

....the first frame was intra frame coded and all the rest where successively predicted using the in band ME MC technique described earlier. No bi directional prediction was used. 5. HEADINGS Fig. 4. Coding results. Fig. 4 shows the results of the proposed scheme in comparison to MPEG 4 FGS [12]. One notices that the simple realization of the wavelet in band coder described in this paper can achieve comparable performance for medium motion sequences, while at the same time it provides the extra feature of decoding at half or even quarter resolution, as shown in the example of Fig. 5. ....

ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 11, FCD 14496, "Information technology---Coding of audio-visual objects, part 1: Systems, part 2: Visual, part 3: Audio," Dec. 1998.

....of other bits in a compressed bitstream. Marker and header emulation can introduce problems when the encrypted content is transmitted over certain network protocols designed for unencrypted compressed bitstreams. As an example, the Motion Marker in the data partition mode of MPEG 4 video syntax [4] is 17 bits and is not byte aligned, therefore, on average it can be emulated in every 2 17 =131072 cipher text bits, which is not a large number for even low bitrate video. In this paper, we present a framework under which encryption of compressed content can be achieved in the compressed ....

....the framework is very flexible, care needs to be taken when dependencies exist between various fields, such fields can not be encrypted independently while still maintaining format compliance. 3. SIMULATIONS In our simulations, we focus on MPEG 4 video error resilient mode with data partitioning [4]. In this mode, the VLC coded macro block (MB) coding type information and motion vector (MV) information is separated from the texture information for each video packet by the aforementioned motion marker. The texture information is also VLC coded, with a 1 bit sign field present in all ....

ISO/IEC/SC29/WG11, "Information technology -- Coding of audio-visual objects -- Part 2: Visual ISO/IEC 14496-2", International Standards Organization, 11/98.

....plane between DMIF peers. Mapping these primitives to the available protocol stacks in an IP based network is still an on going research issue. Moreover, designing an interactive client server system for deployment in the Internet world using the recommended primitives is even more challenging [3]. The object oriented nature of MPEG 4 makes it possible for an end user to manipulate the media objects and create a multimedia presentation tailored to his or her specific needs, end device and connection limitations. The multimedia content resides on a server (or bank of servers) and the end ....

ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 11, "Information technology-Coding of audio-visual objects, Part8: Carriage of MPEG-4 contents over IP networks (ISO/IEC 144968) , " Jan. 2001.

....MPEG 4 standard, a delivery framework referred to as the Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework (DMIF) is specified at the interface between the MPEG 4 synchronization layer and the network layer. DMIF provides an abstraction between the core MPEG 4 system components and the retrieval methods [2]. Two levels of primitives are defined in DMIF. One is for communication, between the application and the delivery layer to handle all the data and control flows. The other one is used to handle all the message flows in the control plane between DMIF peers. Mapping these primitives to the ....

ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 11, "Information technology-Coding of audio-visual objects, Part6: Delivery Mulitmedia Integration Framework (ISO/IEC 14496-6)," Dec. 1998.

....ISO IEC standard, provides a broad framework for the joint description, compression, storage, and transmission of natural and synthetic audio visual data. It defines improved compression algorithms for audio and video signals, and efficient object based representation of audio video scenes [1]. It is foreseen that MPEG 4 will be an important component of multimedia applications on IP based networks in the near future [4] In MPEG 4, audio visual objects are encoded separately into their own Elementary Streams (ES) In addition, the Scene Description (SD) also referred to as the ....

....It controls the Encoder Producer and SL Packetizer to generate and packetize the content as requested by the client. 4. It schedules audio visual objects under resource constraints. With reference to the System Decoding Model, the AUs must arrive at the client terminal before their decoding time [1]. Efficient scheduling must be applied to meet this timing requirement and also satisfy the delay tolerances and delivery priorities of the different objects. 406 H. Liu, X. Wei, and M. El Zarki The SC likewise is responsible for several functions: 1. When triggered by the DC for session ....

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ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 11, "Information technology-Coding of audio-visual objects, Part1: Systems (ISO/IEC 14496-1)," Dec. 1998.

....ratedistortion performance. While the rate distortion trade off has always been fundamental to lossy video compression work, it is only recently that common video compression standards have added support for adjustment of the trade off during the delivery step rather than just during encoding step[8, 1, 7] The new challenge is to factor the compression process in a way that keeps the computational complexity in the initial encoding step, yet still allows the delivery step to precisely control the rate distortion trade off. In # This work was partially supported by DARPA ITO under the Information ....

....SPEG back to MPEG was convenient for constructing the experiment, but is an obvious major source of un necessary overhead. We also stress that although our video implementation is based on MPEG 1 video, the techniques are applicable to the other most popular open formats: MPEG 2, MPEG 4, and DV[8, 1, 2]. We believe our approach will apply especially well to the upcoming Fine Granularity Scalability extension to MPEG 4 visual standard[12] 3 TCP Streaming Approach Video Data (Timestamp Order) Heap Streaming Client Presentation Time Video Decode Display QoS Feedback Video QoS Adaptive ....

ISO/IEC 14496-2. Information technology --- coding of audio-visual objects --- part 2: Visual. International Standard, December 1999. First edition.

....in Elementary Streams that are composed of several Access Units (AU) An AU is the smallest piece of information possible. Each audio visual object is composed by one or more associated Elementary Streams, each one with its own QoS requirements. The MPEG 4 Systems specification, ISO IEC 14496 1 [13] defines the concepts needed to describe the relations between Elementary Streams in a way that allows the creation of distributed, yet integrated, content presentations and to synchronize the streams. This part of the specification, which defines the Sync Layer, is both media unaware and delivery ....

ISO/IEC 14496-1, Information technology Coding of audio-visual objects Part 1: Systems , International Standard, 1999

....layered model, comprising a Compression Layer, a Sync Layer and a Delivery Layer. The Compression Layer processes individual audio visual media streams without taking into account the delivery technologies. The MPEG 4 compression methods, defined in ISO IEC specifications 14496 2 [11] and 14496 3 [12], achieve efficient encoding over a wide range from Kbps to multiple Mbps. The media content at this layer is organized in Elementary Streams that are composed of several Access Units (AU) An AU is the smallest piece of information possible. Each audio visual object is composed by one or more ....

ISO/IEC 14496-3, Information technology Coding of audio-visual objects: Audio , International Standard, 1999

....defines a generic layered model, comprising a Compression Layer, a Sync Layer and a Delivery Layer. The Compression Layer processes individual audio visual media streams without taking into account the delivery technologies. The MPEG 4 compression methods, defined in ISO IEC specifications 14496 2 [11] and 14496 3 [12] achieve efficient encoding over a wide range from Kbps to multiple Mbps. The media content at this layer is organized in Elementary Streams that are composed of several Access Units (AU) An AU is the smallest piece of information possible. Each audio visual object is composed ....

ISO/IEC 14496-2, Information technology Coding of audio-visual objects: Video, International Standard, 1999

....in this scenario the burst error and the random bit errors have very similar degrading effects on the video quality. MPEG 4 has a built in packet technique where in several macroblocks (a 16X16 pixel block) are grouped together such that there is no data dependency on the previous packet [1]. This helps in localizing the errors. Numerous schemes have been proposed to combat the effects of data loss in video decoding [2] 3] 4] Some of the proposed schemes achieved macroblock reconstruction by estimating the low frequency DCT coefficients from the DCT coefficients of the ....

ISO/IEC 14496-2 MPEG-4 Video Coding Standard, ISO/IEC 14496-2, Information technology -- Coding of audio-visual objects -- Part2: Visual. ISO, 2000.

....many Audio synthesis and processing algorithms and to consistently reduce the implementation overhead through a block by block execution. INTRODUCTION The new MPEG 4 Audio standard provides a toolset for Audio synthetic generation and Audio digital signal processing, namely Structured Audio (SA, [1]) SA is based on its SAOL (Structured Audio Orchestra Language, see [2] C like programming language. Unlike its predecessor CSound [3] SA has a sample by sample (s b s) execution structure. Variables are divided into init control and audio rate ones, and statements can be executed at these ....

....eval var(bass) memory access eval var(loop) eval var(len) eval bus(bus) In the next graphic the execution of the same line of SAOL code is instead represented with the virtual ALU approach. Again italic font is used to emphasize init rate instructions: VALU APPROACH i reg[1] = eval minus(var,69) i reg[2] eval slash(i reg[1] 12) i reg[3] eval pow(2,i reg[2] i reg[4] eval gettune(tmap[no] i reg[5] eval star(i reg[3] i reg[4] 2nd cpsmidi formula calculation k reg[1] eval var(tmap[no] k rate a reg[1] ....

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