D.P. Anderson and G. Homsy. A Continuous Media I/O Server and its Synchronization Mechanism. IEEE Computer, 24(10):51--57, October 1991.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....a video stream when available bit rate decreases. Individual media streams can also be adjusted if needed to re synchronize streams, for example by skipping over the enhancementlayers in MPEG 2. Several toolkits for manipulating real time media streams have been developed: VuSystem [8] CMT [2], and MBone tools [10] Two of them (VuSystem and CMT)have the same two layer architecture: a chain of highly specialized modules to process incoming media data tied together with a scripting language to control the modules. Although the toolkits support flexible developmentofmultimedia ....

David P. Anderson and George Homsy.AContinuous Media I/O Server and Its Synchronization Mechanism. IEEE Computer, 24(10):51--57, October 1991.

....[27] maintain that on such platforms, it is simplest to execute continuous media applications at user level under the control of a user level thread scheduler. They study two mechanisms of reducing or avoiding the overhead associated with kernel interactions in the context the ACME I O server [4]. Split level scheduling implements separate user and kernel level thread schedulers, with control relinquished to the kernel scheduler only when the executing address space no longer contains the globally highest priority thread. This reduces the number of user kernel interactions due to system ....

....a cost function C for the requested reservation. Based on these parameters, the client chooses a delay bound D D, and in a relaxation phase, the resource adjusts its reservation accordingly. For specific resources and scheduling algorithms (e.g. CPU managed with deadline work ahead scheduling [4]) the reservation process is 5 Here, the LBAP burst parameter captures application work ahead, not source burstiness. 27 described in detail. In addition, compound sessions (traversing multiple resources) and host buffering requirements are considered. Jeffay [37] has developed YARTOS, a ....

David P. Anderson and George Homsy. A continuous media I/O server and its synchronization mechanism. IEEE Computer, 24(10):51--57, October 1991.

.... media (taking into account operating system and network support as well as database management) is presented in [33] The problems of temporal synchronization of various data streams in multimedia information, exchanged between users over a high speed network, are addressed in [39] Acme, [6], is a network server for digital audio and video I O. It lets users specify their synchronization requirements through an abstraction called a logical time system. The Continuous Media File System, CMFS [7] supports real time storage and retrieval of continuous media data (digital audio and ....

.... greater than 30 msec cannot be tolerated) Methods for an efficient placement of audio data on optical disks for real time applications are developed in [48] summary ffl audio data placement on optical disks for real time applications [48] ffl I O server and its synchronization mechanism [6] ffl synchronization of multimedia data streams [39] ffl a file system for continuous media [7] ffl storage techniques for continuous multimedia [38] ffl organizations for time dependent multimedia data [11] ffl storage system architectures for continuous media data [33] 4.2 Distribution, ....

Anderson, D.P. and Homsy, G., A Continuous Media I/O Server and Its Synchronization Mechanism. IEEE Computer , October 1991, 24(10):51-- 57.

....users, which are greatly different from traditional operating systems[5,6,7] Current research into multimedia operating systems focuses on workstation based systems with ad hoc patches onto UNIX, acting as the interfaces between operating systems and users. The Continuous Media(CM) I O Server[8] is one example of the multimedia network interfaces. With the scenario as in Figure 2, CM I Os provide low level abstractions(connections and virtual devices) which facilitated top level users developing several applications, including a conferencing system and A V recording system. Since the ....

David P. Anderson and George Homsy. A Continuous Media I/O Server and Its Synchronization Mechanism. IEEE Computer. October 1991, Vol. 24 No. 10, pp. 51-7

....database application. For these reasons, synchronization has been recognized as one of the central problems in multimedia system development [LG90, Ste90] Substantial research has been directed toward the support of synchronization within operating systems and network architectures [RV93, Ste90, AH91, RRK93, GR93] However, the techniques proposed at these levels are insufficient to address the problems encountered at the presentation level in database systems. 1 For example, Anderson et al. AH91] describe techniques for recovering from loss of synchronization between interrupt driven media ....

....the support of synchronization within operating systems and network architectures [RV93, Ste90, AH91, RRK93, GR93] However, the techniques proposed at these levels are insufficient to address the problems encountered at the presentation level in database systems. 1 For example, Anderson et al. AH91] describe techniques for recovering from loss of synchronization between interrupt driven media I O devices, and Rangan et al. RRK93] devise techniques for inter media synchronization during on demand multimedia retrival from a server to multiple destinations over integrated networks. Both ....

David P. Anderson and George Homsy. A Communication Media I/O Server and Its Synchronization Mechanisms. IEEE Computer, 24(10):51--57, 1991.

....unique demands on the underlying file management and I O subsystems [1] 2] that may impact the architecture of future computer systems. Moreover, distributed MM may create serious networking problems, especially in systems that follow the popular client server architecture (CSA) paradigm [3]. In this paper, we address the performance issues of a distributed (client server) environment with a UNIX like network file system (NFS) modified to support MM development. In an MM capable computing environment, the services provided by the file system must match both MM playback, as well as ....

Anderson, D.P. and Homsy, G. A continuous media I/O server and its synchronization mechanism. IEEE Computer, 24(11):51--57, Oct. 1991.

....a megabyte or gigabyte of data. The former reflect how much a server can earn by supplying video, while the latter represents the hardware cost to store a certain capacity of multimedia data. Most of the examples in this paper reflect a video server that provides movies on demand [30] 39] 35] [1], 31] 16] 32] 38] 12] 28] 14] 40] 7] However, the results presented generalize to a large class of multimedia servers, including world wide web servers, that provide many simultaneous streams and support interactivity. The simulations assume MPEG 1 or MPEG 2 video encoding and, ....

David P. Anderson and George Homsy. A Continuous Media I/O Server and Its Synchronization Mechanism. IEEE Computer, 24(10):51--57, October 1991.

....Podemos citar como atividade de atua c ao o servi co de sincroniza c ao entre fluxos de audio e v ideo originados de fontes localizadas numa mesma esta c ao. E usual que o procedimento de sincroniza c ao seja realizado atrav es do paradigma de fluxos mestre e escravos, proposto em [7], onde um fluxo escravo, v ideo) tenta seguir o fluxo mestre ( audio) Para tal, o sincronizador atua no fluxo escravo atrasando o ou adiantando o, conforme o caso. Outra atividade de atua c ao seria o processo de adapta c ao do padr ao de um determinado fluxo, visando manter indices de QoS ....

Anderson, D.P. e Homsy, G., A Continuous Media I/O Server and Its Synchronization Mechanism, IEEE Computer, pp. 51-57, Outubro, 1991.

....multimedia database application. For these reasons, synchronization has been recognized as one of the central problems in multimedia system development [LG90, Ste90] Literature is replete with commentary on synchronization within operating systems and network architectures [RV93, Ste90, AH91, RRK93, GR93] However, the techniques proposed at these levels are insufficient to address the problems encountered at the presentation level in database systems. For example, Anderson et al. AH91] describe techniques for recovering from loss of synchronization between interrupt driven media ....

....with commentary on synchronization within operating systems and network architectures [RV93, Ste90, AH91, RRK93, GR93] However, the techniques proposed at these levels are insufficient to address the problems encountered at the presentation level in database systems. For example, Anderson et al. AH91] describe techniques for recovering from loss of synchronization between interrupt driven media I O devices, and Rangan et al. RRK93] devise techniques for inter media synchronization during on demand multimedia retrival from a server to multiple destinations over integrated networks. Both ....

David P. Anderson and George Homsy. A Communication Media I/O Server and Its Synchronization Mechanisms. IEEE Computer, 24(10):51--57, 1991.

....an active research topic [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7] One of the most This research was sponsored in part by the National Science Council of R.O.C. under grant NSC 83 0408 E 002 002. important applications of multimedia storage systems is on demand playback of video or high quality audio programs [5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14]. In on demand playback applications, the storage system supports concurrent retrieval of continuous video or audio programs requested by a large number of clients. Such applications impose two major challenges to mass storage system design: 1. High data retrieval bandwidth The data retrieval ....

David P. Anderson and Goerge Homsy. A continuous media I/O server and its synchronization mechanism. IEEE Computer, Vol.24, No.10, October 1991.

....have enabled the creation of continuous media (CM) applications. CM applications support the retrieval, manipulation and display of CM data, which is data that changes continuously over time such as digital audio, digital video and animation. Many CM applications have been cited in the literature [3,48,73], including: 1. Video teleconferencing systems that allow two or more users to hold a conversation with each other. 2. Computer supported cooperative work (CSCW) systems that allow two or more users to collaborate on the editing of a document or group of documents. 3. Distributed lecture systems ....

....four in the second burst (time T 2 ) but packet three is lost. Shortly thereafter (time T 3 ) the PacketSource receives resend b1, p1 and marks packet one as unsent. When the PacketDest receives packet four, it issues a resend request for both packets one and three: denoted resend b2, p[1,3] . During the next send burst (between T 3 and T 4 ) packet one and packet five are marked as sent and transmitted, with the burstId of each set to three. The PacketSource then receives the second resend request, but ignores the resend of packet one since the burstId of the request is two, ....

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D. P. Anderson, George Homsy, A Continuous Media I/O Server and Its Synchronization Mechanism, IEEE Computer, 1991 Oct, Vol. 24 Num. 10, pp. 51-57.

....( SN95, Lit93, LKG94, WR94, PLL96] etc. From the synchronization speci cation, the internal system derives presentation schedulers and local synchronizers. Examples of systems which include this type of schedulers are MODE [Bla93] multimedia teleorchestra [LKG94] continuous media I O server [AH91] or ACME [AH91] systems. These 1 The objective was not to come up with new synchronization mechanisms algorithms, but to take existing algorithms and do a thorough trade o analysis in di erent environments. We could have taken existing protocols and place them in di erent environments, however ....

....LKG94, WR94, PLL96] etc. From the synchronization speci cation, the internal system derives presentation schedulers and local synchronizers. Examples of systems which include this type of schedulers are MODE [Bla93] multimedia teleorchestra [LKG94] continuous media I O server [AH91] or ACME [AH91] systems. These 1 The objective was not to come up with new synchronization mechanisms algorithms, but to take existing algorithms and do a thorough trade o analysis in di erent environments. We could have taken existing protocols and place them in di erent environments, however many of the ....

D.P. Anderson and G. Homsy. A Continuous Media I/O Server and its Synchronization Mechanism. IEEE Computer, 24(10):51-57, October 1991.

....number of secondary problems. For example, live audio and video applications require that the operating system schedules resources in such a way that the real time constraints of continuous media are met. This issue is not addressed here, but is receiving attention by a host of other researchers [AH91, JH93, Jef92, RR93, LKG92] 1.4 Dissertation Overview Chapter 2 reviews the relevant performance characteristics of modern computer systems (i.e. memory and cache behavior) in more detail. It describes the various causes of excess memory traffic in current systems and discusses techniques ....

....a number of secondary problems. For example, live audio and video applications require that the operating system schedules resources in such a way that the real time constraints of continuous media are met. This work does not directly address these issues, but complements efforts in that area [AH91, JH93, Jef92, RR93, LKG92] The experiments used to evaluate the techniques developed in this work use network communication as the only form of I O. Network traffic is arguably the most challenging form of I O, since incoming data arrives at network devices asynchronously. Thus, we believe that ....

David P. Anderson and George Homsey. A continuous media I/O server and its synchronization mechanism. IEEE Computer, 24(10):51--57, October 1991.

....approaches, it is important to realize the appropriate QoS parameters for the presentation of various media streams and their synchronization in systems. Substantial research has been directed toward the support of synchronization within operating systems and network architectures [RV93, Ste90, AH91, RRK93, GR93, ZF93, GVKR95] Through this research, new behavioral concepts required for multimedia data have been identified and mechanisms have been proposed to enhance such conventional storage, synchronization, and communication mechanisms as random disk allocation, semaphores, monitors, or ....

David P. Anderson and George Homsy. A Communication Media I/O Server and Its Synchronization Mechanisms. IEEE Computer, 24(10):51--57, 1991.

....the requirements described in the previous section. 3. 1 Programming and System Abstractions Current systems provide programming abstractions and support for handling time based media either by extending the client server paradigm of a window system to handle time based media and I O devices (e.g. [1]) or by extending the operating system (e.g. 16] 2] Window Systems. Window systems vary considerably in their event handling architectures, support for graphics, and programming philosophy. However, the features that are of primary importance to MIM applications abstractions for network ....

.... Govindan and Homsey have designed and implemented the ACME I O server that provides abstractions for device independent access to continuous media (timebased) I O devices, and a logical time system abstraction that manages timing of, and synchronization between, continuous media (CM) streams [1]. Nicolaou has proposed a similar design in [18] Govindan and Anderson have also designed and implemented extensions to the UNIX 4 operating system that provide efficient multi level process scheduling, and memory mapped streams that reduce data copying in order to support efficient ....

D. P. Anderson and G. Homsy. A continuous media I/O server and its synchronization mechanism. IEEE Computer, 24(10):51--57, Oct. 1991.

....does incur some computational overhead for scheduling concurrent processes. Figure 2.11 suggests that prefetching and display processes can be viewed as a pipeline. Many continuous media players are organized as a pipeline of storage access, network transport, decoding and display processes [48, 4, 66, 13, 39]. Let us generalize the idea of prefetching to describe any decoupling of a computation into concurrent producer and consumer processes. By this definition, an interrupt driven process that reads from a 31 time prefetched consumed buffer full r p r c r p = r c r p r c Figure 2.12: Greedy ....

....consumer must either adapt to the prefetch rate or use feedback to adjust the rate of the prefetch process. The ACME continuous media I O server supports connection driven rate control, where a media output process adapts its rate of consumption to keep pace with a real time file access process [4]. Ratebased feedback techniques allow distributed prefetching processes to be synchronized with consumer processes [64, 66, 13, 14] A rate based approach is appropriate when the prefetched data becomes obsolete at a predictable rate, regardless of whether the consumer process has read it. ....

Anderson, D. P., and Homsy, G. A continuous media I/O server and its synchronization mechanism. Computer 24, 10 (October 1991), 51--57.

....experience is available showing whether the expressive power of these schemes meets the requirements in advanced multimedia applications. Low level synchronization of continuous data streams is also a service which will be offered to some extend by advanced networks and communication systems [AH91, And90] In addition to the synchronization of processing of the media data, concepts are needed to model the interaction with the user of the data, e.g. a user viewing a multimedia presentation. Interaction with the user may include standard functions like stop, start, continue, pause, but also ....

D. P. Anderson and G. Homsy. A Continuous Media I/O Server and Its Synchronization Mechanism. Computer, 24(10):51--57, October 1991.

....requirements. 1 Introduction In recent years, the design of mass storage systems for multimedia applications has become an active research topic [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 13] One of the most important applications of multimedia storage systems is ondemand playback of video or high quality audio programs [3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13]. In on demand playback applications, the storage system supports concurrent retrieval of continuous video or audio programs requested by a large number of clients. Such applications impose two major challenges to mass storage system design: 1. High data retrieval bandwidth The data retrieval ....

David P. Anderson and Goerge Homsy. A continuous media I/O server and its synchronization mechanism. IEEE Computer, October 1991.

....contains some original contributions in the area of object oriented database models for integrating temporal and structural aspects of multimedia data. We are aware of the fact that we left aside some important problem concerning real time constraints for proper restitution of audio or video data [Anderson91] but we think that future object servers and low level components of (future) operating systems will provide specific mechanisms to efficiently handle these constraints. Second, we want to compare more deeply the data modeling concepts of our model to the ones proposed in standards like Hytime ....

D. P. Anderson, G. Homsy, A continuous media I/O server and its synchronization mechanism, Computer, October 1991

....database application. For these reasons, synchronization has been recognized as one of the central problems in multimedia system development [LG90b, Ste90] Substantial research has been directed toward the support of synchronization within operating systems and network architectures [RV93, Ste90, AH91, RRK93, GR93, ZF93] Through this research, new behavioral concepts required for multimedia data have been identified and mechanisms have been proposed to enhance such conventional storage, synchronization, and communication mechanisms as random disk allocation, semaphores, monitors, or RPC. ....

....synchronization, and communication mechanisms as random disk allocation, semaphores, monitors, or RPC. However, the techniques proposed at these levels are insufficient to address the problems encountered at the transaction management level in database systems. For example, Anderson et al. AH91] describe techniques for recovering from loss of synchronization between interrupt driven media I O devices, and Rangan et al. RRK93] devise techniques for inter media synchronization during on demand multimedia retrival from a server to multiple destinations over integrated networks. Both ....

David P. Anderson and George Homsy. A Communication Media I/O Server and Its Synchronization Mechanisms. IEEE Computer, 24(10):51--57, 1991.

....uniform handling of multimedia data. These technologies have made it possible to deliver graphs, voice, images, and diagrams through computers. Substantial research has been directed toward the support of multimedia data processing within operating systems and network architectures [RV93, Ste90, AH91, RRK93, GR93, ZF93] Recently, research involving multimedia data management in database systems has also been highly active [TK95, MKK95, CGS95, GZ96, ZM96] Through these research activities, new behavioral concepts required for multimedia data have been identified and mechanisms have been ....

David P. Anderson and George Homsy. A Communication Media I/O Server and Its Synchronization Mechanisms. IEEE Computer, 24(10):51--57, 1991.

....( SN95, Lit93, LKG94, WR94, PLL96] etc. From the synchronization specification, the internal system derives presentation schedulers and local synchronizers. Examples of systems which include this type of schedulers are MODE [Bla93] multimedia teleorchestra [LKG94] continuous media I O server [AH91] or ACME [AH91] systems. These systems rely on special purpose stream schedulers schemes to achieve local synchronization with low jitters and skews. Within a distributed environment, protocol based techniques are applied. Shephers s scheme [SS90] suggests two different techniques for inter stream ....

....LKG94, WR94, PLL96] etc. From the synchronization specification, the internal system derives presentation schedulers and local synchronizers. Examples of systems which include this type of schedulers are MODE [Bla93] multimedia teleorchestra [LKG94] continuous media I O server [AH91] or ACME [AH91] systems. These systems rely on special purpose stream schedulers schemes to achieve local synchronization with low jitters and skews. Within a distributed environment, protocol based techniques are applied. Shephers s scheme [SS90] suggests two different techniques for inter stream ....

D.P. Anderson and G. Homsy. A Continuous Media I/O Server and its Synchronization Mechanism. IEEE Computer, 24(10):51--57, October 1991.

....as mentioned before one aim is to hide the hardware dependencies. More than just the transmission of the data some synchronization mechanisms are needed. For example, the Logical Time System (LTS) is a synchronization abstraction found in the Acme (Abstractions for Continuous Media) system [2]. It allows users to specify the synchronization between inputs and outputs as well as the advance rate. The channel groups abstraction [18] allows network clients to specify relationships between real time channels, thus helping the optimal usage of network resources. This would be otherwise ....

David P. Anderson and George Homsy. A Continuous Media I/O Server and Its Synchronization Mechanism. IEEE Computer, 24(10):51--57, October 1991.

....must handle a number of concurrent users accessing simultaneous multimedia streams and index structures. The large data requirements of continuous video along with its isochronous nature stretch beyond the capabilities of current file Servers. There are a number of research groups, including [15, 16, 17, 18, 19], that have started investigating the issues in developing a high performance multi media server Shared Control Mechanisms: The current environment restricts many control functions (e.g. image manipulation, pointing, image capture) to the base site and instructor. In the future it is desirable ....

D. P. Anderson and G. Homsy. A continuous media I/O server and its synchronization mechanism. IEEE Computer, 24(10):52--57, October 1991.

....Some considerations about the transport protocol, retransmission mechanisms and temporal model of the system are given before the description of the receiver and transmitter roles. The last section focuses on the determination of the parameters. The closest proposal to this paper can be found in [1]. Jitter is again compensated by pre fetch and rate matching is done by skipping and pausing units of data. There are no smaller adjustments than these. The handling of continuity of streams is performed by mapping the data units onto a Logical Time System (LTS) instead of sample level ....

Anderson, D. and Homsy, G., A Continuous Media I/O Server and Its Synchronization Mechanism, IEEE Computer (October 1991)

....when the service allows some level of permitted loss (Section 4.2) It is assumed that synchronization concerns in presenting the objects after delivery is a service provided on top of the proposed partial order service. Temporal ordering for synchronized playback is considered, for example, in [3, 16]. Example 2: Consider an application that must do a screen refresh on a workstation screen display containing multiple windows. In refreshing the screen from a remote source, objects (icons, still or video images) that overlap one another have a series relationship and should be refreshed from ....

D. Anderson and G. Homsy. A continuous media I/O server and its synchronization mechanism. IEEE Computer, 24(10), 51--57, Oct 1991.

.... Recently, many proposals have emerged for extending graphics systems to support multimedia applications with sound, animation, and video [Wayner 91, Yager 92, Ripley 89, Xmedia 92] Other research has been directed toward real time transmission of multimedia data over networks [Little 91, Anderson 91, Rowe 92] and standards for the representation and exchange of multimedia data [Newcomb 91] New capabilities for real time interactive multimedia interfaces [Blattner 92] create new demands upon application programmers. In particular, programmers must manage concurrent processes that output ....

D. P. Anderson and G. Homsy. A Continuous Media I/O Server and Its Synchronization Mechanism. Computer :51-57, October, 1991.

....like Ethernet the clients will experience degradation if the network bandwidth goes away. Several schemes are described in the literature for obtaining good service in practice by buffering ahead and coping with temporary bandwidth reduction by techniques such as frame dropping or audio dilation [JSTS92, AH91, LK92, KR94]. 2.1 Overload Handling and Quality of Service Degradation If the system is not totally isochronous so it can be perfectly scheduled, or if scheduling is not maximally conservative, then there will be overloads. Consider for example variable bit rate compressed video, or scripted presentations ....

D. P. Anderson and G. Homsy. A continuous media i/o server and its synchronization mechanism. IEEE Computer, 24(10):51--57, October 1991.

....are shaded. The second diagram, b) shows the relative timing of the three components of m. InterpretationOf Extracts Derives InitialClip FinalClip Component Composite InterpretationOf Extracts Extracts Extracts Derives Derives Derives Component Component Composite Composite CutOf CutOf Clip[1] Clip[2] Clip[3] cut 2 cut 1 fade S. Gibbs, C. Breiteneder and D. Tsichritzis 19 Figure 5) It is the higher level abstractions media objects and elements, multimedia objects that are seen by applications. 5. Related Work The areas that have influenced the data model include digital video ....

....multimedia object (derived) media objects (non derived) media objects BLOB temporal composition derivation interpretation Figure 5 Successive interpretation, derivation and composition. 20 Time Based Media based media is now found in audio video servers (e.g. [1][18] These systems are likely precursors of more general audio video databases. 6. Conclusion We have presented a data model that addresses the representation of time based media. The model includes the notions of media objects, media elements and timed streams. Three general structuring ....

Anderson, D.P., and Homsy, G. A Continuous Media I/O Server and Its Synchronization Mechanism. IEEE Computer, Vol. 24, No. 10, Oct. 1991, pp. 51-57.

.... totalReadAhead read Gamma serverSchedule[i] Figure 5: Modified Admissions Control Algorithm 5 Related Work Much of the previous work in Continuous Media File Systems has been based on the constant bitrate delivery of individual streams [3, 11, 13, 15] The structure of the servers described in [2, 11] is similar to ours, but does not provide the linear scalability of our approach. The systems in [10, 17] do seem capable of this type of scaling, although the focus in [10] is on a more generic file system and in [17] is on extremely high volume data transfer of image data. The work of [3, 10] ....

....the performance of real time and significant amounts of non real time data in the same server. This needs a more integrated approach to the entire system design and adds somewhat to the complexity of achieving the performance goals. The synchronous playback of multiple streams is addressed by [1, 2] (as well as others) These methods provide comprehensive models for synchronization that involve both the client and the server. Our model provides the interface to synchronize many independent streams without adding complexity into the data itself. Variable speed playback mechanisms are ....

David P. Anderson and George Homsy. A Continuous Media I/O Server and Its Synchronization Mechanism. IEEE Computer, 24(10):51--57, October 1991.

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David P. Anderson and George Homsy. A Continuous Media I/O Server and Its Synchronization Mechanism. IEEE Computer, 24(10):51--57, October 1991.

....with the X server through shared memory. The system clocks on the different systems are synchronized by the Network Time Protocol (NTP) 11] so that actions in the CM Server and Sources can be synchronized. The CM Server will eventually be merged with the X server as in the ACME Server [1], but for now it is convenient to separate the functionality for several reasons. First, it makes the CM Server easy to change. Second, it reduces maintenance when a new X server is delivered since we do not have to retrofit our changes. Lastly, source code for the X server is not required which ....

....bandwidth that will be required during the next few seconds was available so the feedback algorithm could begin reducing the frame rate in anticipation of a change in the required bandwidth. 4. Related Work Many groups are working on multimedia applications that include playing continuous media [1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 14, 15, 19]. None of these systems report an application Figure 7. Frames played versus time with adaptive control Frame rate (fps) 25 20 15 10 5 0 time 20 40 60 80 100 Figure 6. Frames played versus time without adaptive control. time Frame rate (fps) 20 40 60 80 100 25 20 15 10 5 0 24 fps 16 fps 12 ....

Anderson, D.P. and G. Homsy, A continuous media I/O server and its synchronization mechanism, IEEE Computer (October 1991).

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D.P. Anderson and G. Homsy. A Continuous Media I/O Server and its Synchronization Mechanism. IEEE Computer, 24(10):51--57, October 1991.

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D. P. Anderson and G. Homsy. A Continuous Media I/O Server and Its Synchronization Mechanism. Computer :51-57, October, 1991.

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David P. Anderson and George Homsy. A Continuous Media I/O Server and Its Synchronization Mechanism. IEEE Computer, 24(10):51--57, October 1991.

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David P. Anderson and George Homsy. A Continuous Media I/O Server and Its Synchronization Mechanism. IEEE Computer, 24(10):51-- 57, October 1991.

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