Rittel, Horst W. J. and Webber, Melvin M., "Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning," DMG-DRS Journal, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 31-39, 1974.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....as being preceded by an independent and complete phase of problem understanding [17, p.729] In fact, the RE process should be described more completely as involving both problem understanding and problem solving activities inter twined. Furthermore, RE is complex and knowledge intensive [41], dealing with the conceptual complexity and wickedness of the requirements problem [5] The term wicked was coined by [41] to describe problems in general policy planning which cannot be definitely described, they have no stopping rule and no ultimate criteria for the evaluation of solutions, ....

....should be described more completely as involving both problem understanding and problem solving activities inter twined. Furthermore, RE is complex and knowledge intensive [41] dealing with the conceptual complexity and wickedness of the requirements problem [5] The term wicked was coined by [41] to describe problems in general policy planning which cannot be definitely described, they have no stopping rule and no ultimate criteria for the evaluation of solutions, they are unique and involve pluralistic perspectives of the participants. In RE, the wickedness (illstructuredness) is defined ....

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Rittel, H. W, J. and Webber, M. M. (1973) Dilemmas in a general theory of planning, Policy Sciences, 4: 155169

....is a design phenomenon that crystallizes images of parts and functions of the design in the minds of participants. The third is decision making. All three, i.e. setting requirements, naming, and decision making, can be seen as the outcome of an argument. An example of a model of discourse is IBIS [26], in which designers propose, criticize, refine, abstract, and make concrete ideas and concepts that lead to a final product. Konda et al. argue that design is an activity in which designers move toward a shared understanding of the design artifact by negotiation and reconciliation of several ....

Rittel H, Webber M 1973 Dilemmas in a general theory of planning. Policy Sciences 4:155-169

....are addressed in the tool s design [82] Software development tasks are not simple tasks like touching a button when a light turns on. For real software development tasks one should probably expect that the overall performance impact will actually be modest. Software development is a wicked [541] problem and it is unlikely that most tools [342] would qualify as a silver bullet [78] that can transform wicked problems into tame ones. If this is so, then experimental conditions may need to be exquisitely sensitive in order to reliably expose what is (at least relatively speaking) a minor ....

Rittel, H. W. J., and Webber, M. M. Dilemmas in a general theory of planning. Policy Sciences, 4, 1973, pp. 155-- 169.

....are readily captured in preference based argumentation systems, such as [5] 22 ample, of Thomas Gordon and his colleagues [21, 34] was designed to support community participation in urban planning decisions. The model of argumentation used in this work was the IBIS system of Rittel and Webber [57], which provides a framework for connecting topics, issues and attributes in a multi attribute decision domain. Later systems inspired by Zeno, such as the Hermes system for computer supported collaborative human decision making [33] and the Demos system to support human debate over issues of ....

H. W. J. Rittel and M. M. Webber. Dilemmas in a general theory of planning. Policy Sciences, 4:155--169, 1973.

....course, few of these issues are easily solved. However, it is important not to be too ambitious for any method, least of all in software engineering where new methods follow one another with monotonous regularity. Design is, at best, a satisficing activity, often dealing with wicked problems [11] and a matter of doing the best one can with the resources available. Nevertheless, if it is accepted that designers should be informed about the social character of work, and that ethnography is an important means of gaining such knowledge, then serious attention needs to be given to the variety ....

Rittel. H. and Webber, M., Dilemmas in a general theory of planning, Policy Sciences, Vol 4 No 2 pp 155-169.

....additional functionality to the system are discussed in Section 6. Finally, evaluation results and concluding remarks are given in Sections 7 and 8, respectively. 2. ARGUMENTATION AND COLLABORATIVE DECISION MAKING CDM admittedly falls in the category of wicked problems [Kunz and Rittel, 1970; Rittel and Webber, 1973], a class of problems that can be addressed through argumentative discourse and collaboration among the users involved. In such a case, consensus emerges through the process of collaboratively considering alternative understandings of the problem, competing interests, priorities and constraints ....

....the same context, REMAP [Ramesh, 1992] is a conceptual model used to capture deliberations during requirements analysis, which relates process knowledge to the objects that are created during the requirements engineering process. It embodies the IBIS model of argumentation [Kunz and Rittel, 1970; Rittel and Webber, 1973] and is supported by a system based on the Telos language [Mylopoulos et al. 1990] REMAP is useful in capturing deliberations and knowledge when transforming requirements into design and enhances previous approaches by adding explicit representation of decisions, constraints and assumptions, and ....

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H. Rittel and M. Webber. Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning. Policy Sciences , 155-169 (1973).

.... evaluation of design solutions is difficult for both experienced and inexperienced designers because: in complex domains, no single person can know all the relevant criteria and constraints [2] design solutions must be evaluated from multiple, and sometimes conflicting, perspectives [12], and . designers do not always recognise problematic solutions. Domain oriented design environments [5] have been proposed as computational tools supporting designers to construct and evaluate design solutions. Critiquing systems embedded in these environments augment designers cognitive ....

Rittel, H. and M. Webber, "Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning," Policy Science, Vol. 4, pp. 155-169, 1973.

.... very similar in spirit to this, is the Zeno argumentation framework of Gordon Karacapilidis (1997) This system was developed for conflict resolution and mediation in urban planning regulation, and uses an argumentation formalism based on the schema of Toulmin (1958) and the IBIS model of Rittel Webber (1973). Our structure differs from Zeno not only in our intended application domain but also in our use of a specific philosophy of science to represent the community s understanding of scientific knowledge. This understanding may be distinct from that of any one participant, and needs to be formally ....

Rittel, H. W. J., and Webber, M. M. 1973. Dilemmas in a general theory of planning. Policy Sciences 155--169.

....group memory that will be useful to recover and analyse insights, viewpoints, solutions, and success stories from past business projects. As one technique to enable the creation of structures of collaborative knowledge through the systematic analysis of LTKAs is known as Design Rationale (DR) Rittel and Webber (1973) introduced the groundwork of this discipline. Recently, interest in DR has been growing amongst research communities, such as software engineering (Bellotti 1993) human computer interaction (Conklin Yakemovic 1991; Conklin 1998) and Computer Supported Co operative Work (CSCW) Buckingham Shum ....

Rittel, H, and Webber, M, (1973) Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning, Policy Sciences, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Inc. Amsterdam, Vol. 4, pp 155-169.

....an advanced discourse and group decision making tool able to address the above issues. The tool augments classical decision making approaches by supporting argumentative discourse among students and teachers. Its argumentation framework is a variant of the informal Ibis model of argumentation [15]. The argumentation elements provided are issues, alternatives, positions, and constraints representing preference relations. In the sequel, we use a real example about the solution of an exercise given to a group of two students in the context of a Fluid Mechanic course. The actors involved in ....

Rittel, H., and Webber, M., Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning, Policy Sciences, pp. 155-169, 1973.

....study and design project, and to a prototype design. To motivate the Locales Framework, we first explore the nature of the tension between understanding and designing that the framework seeks to address. 2. The Understanding Designing Gap CSCW is addressing a problem that is essentially wicked [21]. A wicked problem is usually situated in the social realm, where the aim is not to find the truth, but to improve some characteristics of the world where people live [21] p. 167) A wicked problem can never be definitively formulated. In fact, the problem is only understood progressively as ....

....framework seeks to address. 2. The Understanding Designing Gap CSCW is addressing a problem that is essentially wicked [21] A wicked problem is usually situated in the social realm, where the aim is not to find the truth, but to improve some characteristics of the world where people live [21] (p. 167) A wicked problem can never be definitively formulated. In fact, the problem is only understood progressively as solutions are developed. As such, there are no right or wrong solutions, only better or worse ones. This is in contrast to tame problems such as many engineering problems ....

H. Rittel and M. Webber, "Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning," Policy Studies, vol. 4, pp. 155169, 1973.

....many software engineering and computer science courses focus exclusively on neat solutions such as object oriented design or formal system specification. These often don t take into account the complex and messy reality of the real world. We believe that our concentration here on wicked problems [7] with no single or simple solution helps students to develop their critical faculties and to get some insight into the limitations of the techniques which we cover elsewhere in our course. Critical systems engineering This course follows the course on software intensive systems engineering which ....

Rittel, H. and Webber, M., " Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning". Policy Sciences, 1973. 4: 155-69.

.... the structuring of contributions leads to a clearer understanding of the topics to be discussed, opinions, and arguments supporting or objecting to them [Yakemovic and Conklin, 1990] Our discussion model (cf. figure 10) is an extension of the Issue Based Information System developed by Rittel [Rittel and Webber, 1973] and expanded into Decision Issue Constraint Position Argument Backing specializes generalizes respondsTo influences leadsTo resolves selects supports objectsTo supports relatesTo Figure 10 Argumentation Model the graphical Issue Based Information System, gIBIS [Conklin and Begemann, ....

H. W. Rittel and M. M. Webber. Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning. Policy Sciences 4 (1973), pp. 155--169.

....impose rigid models of membership or role, and which are able to integrate many diverse media types would seem appropriate in such an environment, discussed further by Kidd. 2. 2 Wicked problems The second perspective on knowledge work comes from the formative work of Horst Rittel [Rittel 1972] [Rittel 1973]. Whilst the term knowledge work was not in currency in the late 1970s, Rittel identified crucial features of intellectual work which are highly pertinent to current concerns. Rittel characterised a class of problem which he termed wicked , in contrast to tame problems. Tame problems are not ....

....interest in the contribution that collaborative argumentation can make to complex, intellectual work where the quality of reasoning and accessibility of rationale for decisions are particularly important. Experimental fields of application have included government policy formulation [Conklin 1988] [Rittel 1973], scientific reasoning [Smolensky 1987] VanLehn 1985] and legal analysis [Newman 1991] As hypertext matured as a technology, some of the most significant design disciplines began, and continue, to look at collaborative argumentation as a way to capture project organisational memory, and manage ....

Rittel, H. W. J. & Webber, M. M.: "Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning"; Policy Sciences, 4 1973), 155-169

....discourse and group decision making tool, which is able to address the above issues. The tool augments classical decision making approaches by supporting argumentative discourse among students and teachers. Its argumentation framework is a variant of the informal IBIS model of argumentation [Rittel and Webber 73] later used in the development of groupware tools such as gIBIS [Conklin and Begeman 87] to capture the rationale of a design process. The argumentation elements provided are issues, alternatives, positions, and constraints representing preference relations. In the sequel, we use a real example ....

Rittel, H., & Webber, M. (1973). Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning. Policy Sciences, 4, 155-169.

....to document and organize information alongside the design. Traditional approaches to rationale capture have involved two methods for documenting and structuring design rationale: process oriented and structure oriented. A process oriented approach, such as Issue Based Information Systems (IBIS) (Rittel 1973), focuses on documenting rationale as it occurs during design meetings. A structure oriented approach, such as the Questions, Options, and Criteria (QOC) notation (Shum 1994) focuses instead on a post hoc structuring of the rationale to show the complete design argument. Neither approach appears ....

Rittel, H. and Webber, M. (1973) Dilemmas in a general theory of planning. Policy Science, 4, 155-69.

....asking for additional information depends upon the understanding of the problem and its resolution at that time. Problem understanding and problem resolution are concomitant to each other 3 [ the process of solving the problem is identical with the process of understanding its nature (Rittel and Webber, 1973). These complexities are compounded drastically when solving a wicked problem involves multiple actors, in that different aspects of the problem are addressed by different designers and the interdependencies among these aspects, and hence between the actors, emerge and change as the design ....

Rittel, Horst W. J., and Melvin M. Webber: `Dilemmas in a general theory of planning,' Policy Sciences, vol. 4, 1973, pp. 155-169.

....shape in and through their very work. The gist of design work can be said to consist in exploring and identifying the interactions between conflicting requirements so as to be able to decide on an acceptable compromise. Much work, including design, is characterized by being a wicked problem (Rittel and Webber, 1973). December 1998 4 Carstensen Schmidt CSCW The complexities are compounded drastically when solving a wicked problem involves multiple actors, in that different aspects of the problem are addressed by different actors and the interdependencies among these aspects, and hence between the actors, ....

Rittel, Horst W. J., and Melvin M. Webber: "Dilemmas in a general theory of planning," Policy Sciences, vol. 4, 1973, pp. 155-169.

No context found.

Rittel, Horst W. J. and Webber, Melvin M., "Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning," DMG-DRS Journal, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 31-39, 1974.

No context found.

Rittel, H.W.J., Webber, M.M.: Dilemmas in a general theory of planning. Policy Sciences 4 (1973) 155--169

No context found.

Rittel, H., Webber, M.: Dilemmas in a general theory of planning. Policy Sciences 4 (1973) 155--169.

No context found.

Rittel, H., Webber, M.: Dilemmas in a general theory of planning. Policy Sciences 4 (1973) 155--169.

No context found.

H. Rittel and M. Webber. Dilemmas in a general theory of planning. Policy Sciences, 4:155--169, 1973.

No context found.

H. Rittel and M. Webber. Dilemmas in a general theory of planning. Policy Sciences, 4:155--169, 1973.

No context found.

Rittel H and Webber, M. "Dilemmas In A General Theory Of Planning", Policy Sciences, Vol. 4, 1973, pp 155-169,

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