Gupta, A.; Stahl, D.O.; Whinston, A.B. Priority pricing of integrated services networks. Internet Economics, ed. Lee McKnight and Joseph Bailey, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1995.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....there are opponents to dynamic pricing in the area (e.g. 10] 11] 12] most of the proposals have been for dynamic pricing (specifically congestion pricing) of networks. Examples of dynamic pricing proposals are MacKie Mason and Varian s Smart Market [1] Gupta et al. s Priority Pricing [13], Kelly et al. s Proportional Fair Pricing (PFP) 8] Semret et al. s Market Pricing [14] 3] and Wang and Schulzrinne s Resource Negotiation and Pricing (RNAP) 15] 2] Odlyzko s Paris Metro Pricing (PMP) 16] is an example of static pricing proposal. Clark s Expected Capacity [17] 18] and ....

A. Gupta, D. O. Stahl, and A. B. Whinston, Priority pricing of Integrated Services networks, Eds McKnight and Bailey, MIT Press, 1997.

.... In the simplest version, this is an offline calculation of optimal prices (e.g. time of day pricing based on historical traffic patterns, as in traditional telephony) In more sophisticated versions, the seller assumes the functional form of demand, and adjusts prices by on line optimizations [29, 3, 52, 77]. These pricing schemes are model based , in that the relationship between demand and price (and possibly time) is assumed in an a priori formula. Knowledge of this model and its parameters is precisely the information requirement described above. In market based approaches, no precise model ....

.... the seller assumes perfect a priori knowledge of demand and does an offline calculation of optimal prices (e.g. time of day pricing based on historical traffic patterns) A less extreme approach is to assume only the functional form of demand, and adjust prices by on line tatonnement algorithms [29]. Auctioning is the pricing approach with minimal information requirement. The more difficult it is for the seller to obtain demand information (or valuations) the stronger the case is for using auctions. In the Internet, because of the diverse and rapidly evolving nature of the applications, ....

A. Gupta, D. O. Stahl, and A. B. Whinston. Priority pricing of integrated services networks. In L. W. McKnight and J. P. Bailey, editors, Internet Economics. MIT Press, 1997.

....possible deployment. Keywords Congestion Pricing, Quality of Service, Congestion Control I. INTRODUCTION Pricing has recently attracted significant attention for the purpose of achieving economic efficiency in the Internet. Many researchers have proposed pricing schemes [1] 2] 3] [4], 5] 6] 7] 8] 9] 10] as an option for managing both resource allocation and network congestion. Many of these proposals have focused on congestion pricing. However, these responsive pricing schemes have not been deployed mainly because of excessive upgrades required by the proposals. ....

A. Gupta, D. O. Stahl, and A. B. Whinston, Priority pricing of Integrated Services networks, Eds McKnight and Bailey, MIT Press, 1997.

.... seller assumes perfect a priori knowledge of demand and does an offline calculation of optimal prices (e.g. time of day pricing based on historical traffic patterns) In more sophisticated approaches, the seller assumes the functional form of demand and adjusts prices by on line optimizations [13] [17] These pricing schemes are model based, in that the relationship between demand and price (and possibly time) is assumed in an a priori formula. Knowledge of this model and its parameters is precisely the a priori information requirement described above. Auctioning is the pricing ....

A. Gupta, D. O. Stahl, and A. B. Whinston, "Priority pricing of integrated services networks," in Internet Economics, L. W. McKnight and J. P. Bailey, Eds. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1997.

....pricing uses a fee based on the current state of congestion in the network. Thus, a unified approach considering both dynamic pricing and controlling quality of service (i.e. performance management) provides an effective tool for the operation of 3G mobile networks. However, in previous work [8,13,19,21,25] the improvement of Quality of Service (QoS) in 3G mobile networks and the optimization of mobile service provider revenue has been considered separately. The Quality of Service (QoS) concept and architecture for UMTS networks specified in [2] provides means for sharing radio resources among ....

....the actual price for each packet is determined based on the current state of network congestion. In [25] Rao and Petersen discussed the optimal pricing of priority services. Analogously to the smart market approach, Gupta et al. presented a pricing scheme that uses priorities on the packet level [13]. They proposed to differentiate Internet traffic according to delay and loss requirements. For the analysis of the update strategy of the queuing weights, we consider in section 4 a usage based and a usage throughput based pricing policy according to [11,12,21] Furthermore, we introduce a ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

A. Gupta, D.O. Stahl and A.B. Whinston, Priority pricing of integrated services networks, in: Internet Economics, eds. L. McKnight and J. Bailey (MIT Press, 1995) pp. 323--378.

....for interconnection. There have been various pricing schemes proposed for an integrated service network, like the Internet. These include priority (service performance differentiation) pricing, congestion spot pricing, and optimal opportunity cost pricing. Cocchi [3] et al. and Gupta et al. [4] studied the priority pricing methods for networks with multiple service classes with different performance requirements. In this pricing scheme, the price is determined from the network based on the priority of the application requested and associated performance objectives. These studies show ....

.... the idea as a spot price congestion price model for the Internet service access for the demand (willingness to pay) with the form of dynamic auction (multiple level of demand) The frameworks for congestion pricing for more complicated network environments have been further extended recently in [4] and [1] Differently valued demand and cost characteristics for QoS network services can define optimal QoS pricing schedule where service providers can maximize their profits or maximize the total surplus (consumer surplus and network profits) In our bandwidth management optimization model, we ....

Gupta, A., Stahl, D., and Whinston, A. Priority pricing of integrated services networks. Internet economics (1996), 323--352.

....cannot obtain the desired service when pricing schemes are based on the bandwidth consumed but not on the scheduling services rendered. A pricing scheme that seeks to provide multiple levels of service, with price computations based on both the flow rates and the waiting times, is discussed in [11]. The computation of prices in this strategy is done periodically using an iterative approach in which the history of flow rates and waiting times determines current price estimates. In this scheme, a customer evaluates the current advertised price information, and then chooses how to transmit its ....

A. Gupta, D. O. Stahl, and A. B. Whinston. Priority Pricing of Integrated Services Networks. In L. W. McKnight and J. P. Bailey, editors, Internet Economics, pages 323--352. MIT Press, 1997.

....of network resources has recently become an active area of research. Prices have been used in the context of market competition [13, 17, 11] through mechanisms such as auctioning of (bidding for) network resources [8, 23] or the fair pricing of pre established priority classes for packet delivery [18, 7]. In such schemes, the user is typically an ISP competing for resources from a bandwidth reseller, and specific pricing mechanisms are developed to maximize the overall welfare in the use of resources and achieve (Nash) equilibrium. Another approach, used in [10] is to reduce congestion during ....

A. Gupta, D. O. Stahl, and A. B. Whinston. Priority Pricing of Integrated Services Networks. Internet Economics, MIT Press, pages 323--378, 1998.

....minimal accounting overhead, and encourage usage. However, flat rate pricing has problems. During congestion, the marginal cost of forwarding a packet is not zero, and flat pricing does not offer any (dis)incentive for users to adjust their demand, leading a potential tragedy of commons [gupta97] Two prominent proposals to deal with these problems are: 1) to regulate usage by imposing a fee based upon the amount of data actually sent (called usage based pricing) and 2) use a fee based upon the current state of congestion in the network (called congestion sensitive pricing) ....

....costs imposed by that packet. Congestion sensitive pricing has also been used in roadways [ibd 1998] Recently, MacKie Mason, Murphy and Murphy [mmm97] also argued that closed loop feedback about network congestion should be provided to users to allow them to adapt their demand. Gupta et al. [gupta97] proposed a priority pricing scheme where users service requests are placed in priority queues, and an pricing strategy which sets the price for usage proportional to the average delay costs. Kelly et al. [kelly98] propose a proportionally fair pricing rate allocation scheme using shadow ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Gupta, A, Stahl, D. O & Whinston, A, B (1997) Priority Pricing of Integrated Services Networks, Internet Economics, Eds McKnight & Bailey, MIT press, 1997.

....pricing uses a fee based on the current state of congestion in the network. Thus, a unified approach considering both dynamic pricing and controlling quality of service (i.e. performance management) provides an effective tool for the operation of 3G mobile networks. However, in previous work [8] [13], 17] 19] 23] the improvement of quality of service (QoS) in 3G mobile networks and the optimization of mobile service provider revenue has been considered separately. The quality of service (QoS) concept and architecture for UMTS networks specified in [2] provides means for sharing radio ....

....price for each packet is determined based on the current state of network congestion. In [23] Rao and Petersen discussed the optimal pricing of priority services. Analog the smart market approach, Gupta, Stahl, and Whinston presented a pricing scheme that uses priorities on the packet level [13]. They proposed to differentiate Internet traffic according to delay and loss requirements. For the analysis of the update strategy of the queuing weights, we consider in Section 4 a usage based and a usage throughput based pricing policy according to [11] 12] and [19] Furthermore, we ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

A. Gupta, D.O. Stahl, and A.B. Whinston, Priority pricing of Integrated Services Networks, in: L. McKnight and J. Bailey (Eds.), Internet Economics, 323-378, MIT Press, 1995.

.... become quite serious [Mackie Mason97a] This has led to a number of pricing schemes which internalise # this negative externality, examples include various general usage sensitive, congestion pricing and or priority pricing schemes [Edell95] Brownlee97] Mackie Mason95a] Mackie Mason97b] [Gupta97]. The Smart Market responsive pricing approach mooted in [Mackie Mason97b] requires that an already congested router devote some of its resources to holding an auction based on Long run marginal cost pricing can take into account the lumpy (i.e. infrequent but capital intensive) nature of ....

.... extolling the virtues of flat rate pricing [Anania97] However, the long term viability of flat rate pricing for Internet access has been questioned [Pioneer97] CNET98] while congestion based prices can generate revenue for capacity expansion [Mackie Mason95a] Priority pricing schemes (e.g. [Gupta97]) benefit from architectural support for a simple packet priority differentiation mechanism in the Internet protocol (IPv4) which can be used to provide explicit differentiated service classes, unlike the Smart Market approach which can only offer relative priorities. Such differentiated service ....

Alok Gupta, Dale O. Stahl and Andrew B Whinston. Priority Pricing of Integrated Service Networks. In Lee W. McKnight and Joseph P. Bailey editors, Internet Economics, pages 323-352. The MIT Press, 1997.

....Pricing, Congestion Control, Quality of Service I. INTRODUCTION One proposed method for controlling congestion in wide area networks is to apply congestion sensitive pricing [1] 2] Many proposals have been made to implement dynamic pricing over wide area networks and the Internet [3] [4], 5] 6] 7] 8] 9] 10] 11] 12] 13] 14] Most of these schemes aimed to employ congestion pricing. The main idea of congestion sensitive pricing is to update price of the network service dynamically over time such that it increases during congestion epochs and causes users to ....

A. Gupta, D. O. Stahl, and A. B. Whinston, Priority pricing of Integrated Services networks, Eds McKnight and Bailey, MIT Press, 1997.

....with pricing. 3.4 Internet Pricing Service for Multiple Serviced Networks There are mainly three kinds of pricing models for Internet, the flat rate pricing, the usage based pricing, and the congestion sensitive pricing. Flat rate pricing is the most commonly used model for payment today [5] [41], 55] A typical example of it is an annual fee for unlimited access, based on the bandwidth of the connection. Although this scheme is simple and efficient when the network is not congested, it provides no incentives for users to adjust their demands according to network state. Usage based ....

.... of data actually sent [44] 56] Clark proposed a pricing scheme based on expected usage, i.e. the desired network behaviour [18] Congestion sensitive pricing, however, doesn t charge the usage directly, but charges congestion related aspects, such as packet loss, delay, or priority [38] [41], 55] 67] There are a lot of charging systems developed for Internet. In [24] a per flow billing system is presented to charge TCP traffic. This design is further improved in the INDEX project [91] ETH implemented a reservation based pricing system for integrated services using RSVP [21] ....

A. Gupta, D. O. Stahl, and A. B. Whinston, Priority Pricing of Integrated Services Networks, In Mcknight and Bailey, Eds., Internet Economics, MIT Press, 1997.

....of network resources has recently become an active area of research. Prices have been used in the context of market competition [12, 16, 10] through mechanisms such as auctioning of (bidding for) network resources [7, 23] or the fair pricing of pre established priority classes for packet delivery [17, 6]. In such schemes, the user is typically an ISP competing for resources from a bandwidth reseller, and specific pricing mechanisms are developed to maximize overall welfare in the use of resources and achieve (Nash) equilibrium. Another approach, used in [9] is to reduce congestion during peak ....

A. Gupta, D. O. Stahl, and A. B. Whinston. Priority Pricing of Integrated Services Networks. Internet Economics,MIT Press, pages 323--378, 1998.

....most of the economic gains from subdivision into different classes of service can be gained with just a few classes. The basic version of PMP mentioned in the Introduction assigns to each channel a fixed fraction of the capacity of the entire network. One can also use priorities. In the proposals [5, 19], for example, packets with higher priorities would always be treated by a router before packets with lower priorities. The advantage of this approach is that the full gain from aggregating all traffic on one network would be obtained. However, allowing high priority packets to block completely ....

Gupta, A., Stahl, D. O. and Whinston, A. B. Priority pricing of integrated services networks, pp. 323-352 in Internet Economics, L. W. McKnight and J. P. Bailey, eds., MIT Press, 1997. Preliminary version in J. Electronic Publishing, special issue on Internet economics, hhttp://www.press.umich.edu/jep/i.

....such as application requirements, network efficiencies and economic efficiencies. Many have suggested that responsive pricing schemes can help achieve both network and economic efficiencies (MacKie Mason, Murphy Murphy, 1997 [11] MacKie Mason Varian, 1993 [9] Gupta, Stahl and Whinston, 1997 [6]) Many schemes have been proposed to price the Internet and its various domains (MacKieMason Varian, 1995 [10] Clark, 1997 [4] Gupta, Stahl Whinston, 1997 [6] However, there has been little experience in implementing and studying these schemes in the production Internet. A major ....

.... economic efficiencies (MacKie Mason, Murphy Murphy, 1997 [11] MacKie Mason Varian, 1993 [9] Gupta, Stahl and Whinston, 1997 [6] Many schemes have been proposed to price the Internet and its various domains (MacKieMason Varian, 1995 [10] Clark, 1997 [4] Gupta, Stahl Whinston, 1997 [6]) However, there has been little experience in implementing and studying these schemes in the production Internet. A major impediment in doing so is the minimalist best effort service model of the IP protocol which does not provide a standard mechanism to specify packet forwarding behaviors ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

A. Gupta, D. O. Stahl, A. B. Whinston, Priority Pricing of Integrated Services Networks, Internet Economics, Eds McKnight & Bailey, MIT press, 1997.

....Both realizations, the closed loop feedback scheme and the smart market approach, are intended to set prices only in the congestion case. 2.3 Priority Pricing (Gupta et al. Cocchi et al. Like the smart market approach described in Section 2. 2 the pricing scheme presented by Gupta et al. in [18] uses priorities on the packet level. The authors propose to differentiate Internet traffic according to delay and loss requirements. As an example a separation into four levels of priority is given (with lower values indicating higher priority) Priority 1: Real time services that are ....

....that being observed when regarding the performance in networks of different providers with different access fees. The advantage of this approach is simplicity due to its self regulating nature. Instead of using separate networks it would also be possible to use static priorities (as proposed in [18]) or different weights if a fair queueing scheduling technique (e.g. WFQ) is applied. One could also think of a mixture of different methods. An implementation of PMP could use the priority field available in the IP header restricting the number of priority levels to 8 (3 bits) Odlyzko suggests ....

A. Gupta, D. O. Stahl, A. B. Whinston: "Priority Pricing of Integrated Services Networks ", in Internet Economics, eds. L. W. McKnight, J. P. Bailey, pp 323-352, 1995, http://www.press.umich.edu/jep/econTOC.html.

....It is likely that network resources will have to be partitioned according to the different Quality of Service (QoS) demands made by the users of these applications. One way of implementing a partitioned network favored in technical literature is in terms of quality based pricing (e.g.[1], 2] 3] Most published proposals for partitioned networks assume users assessments of the quality they receive mirrors the objective quality delivered at the network level (measurable through characteristics such as packet loss and delay) It is also assumed that users are prepared to pay more ....

....of high Risk, users should be provided with the option of configuring feedback dynamically. 3. Consider differentiated service schemes. Much current debate in the networking community has centered around the costs and benefits of providing differentiated versus integrated services [20] 21] [1]. We have shown that, potentially, users or the applications that represent their preferences require feedback concerning future quality in order to make accurate assessments of that quality. This entails that a feasible service scheme must abstract much of the complexity involved in ....

Gupta, A.; Stahl, D.O.; Whinston, A.B.: Priority pricing of integrated services networks. In McKnight, L.W.; Bailey, J.P. (eds).: Internet Economics. MIT Press 1997.

....are many which are time critical, loss sensitive or throughput dependent. To accommodate these applications with highly variable degrees and categories of Quality of Service (QoS) requirements, a major effort has been invested to overcome the traditional best effort service quality of the Internet [2,3]. In the wake of early enthusiasm, though, it has been painfully realized that the integrated service model would imply serious drawbacks if applied on a wide scale for data communication. Scalability issues, flexibility concerns and reliability matters soon emerged vigorously among other causes ....

Gupta, A., Stahl, D.O., & Whinston, A. B. (1995). Priority pricing of integrated services networks. In McKnight, L.W., & Bailey, J.P. (eds). Internet Economics. MIT Press.

....of network resources has recently become an active area of research. Prices have been used in the context of market competition [13, 17, 11] through mechanisms such as auctioning of (bidding for) network resources [8, 23] or the fair pricing of pre established priority classes for packet delivery [18, 7]. In such schemes, the user is typically an ISP competing for resources from a bandwidth reseller, and specific pricing mechanisms are developed to maximize the overall welfare in the use of resources and achieve (Nash) equilibrium. Another approach, used in [10] is to reduce congestion during ....

A. Gupta, D. O. Stahl, and A. B. Whinston. Priority Pricing of Integrated Services Networks. Internet Economics, MIT Press, pages 323--378, 1998.

.... the seller assumes perfect a priori knowledge of demand and does an offline calculation of optimal prices (e.g. time of day pricing based on historical traffic patterns) In more sophisticated approaches, the seller assumes the functional form of demand and adjusts prices by on line optimizations [13], 14] 15] 16] 17] These pricing schemes are model based , in that the relationship between demand and price (and possibly time) is assumed in an a priori formula. Knowledge of this model and its parameters is precisely the a priori information requirement described above. Auctioning is ....

A. Gupta, D. O. Stahl, and A. B. Whinston, "Priority pricing of integrated services networks," in Internet Economics,L.W.McKnightandJ.P.Bai- ley, Eds. MIT Press, 1997.

....consumer surplus over flat rate pricing. Mackie Mason and Varian [13] discuss spot pricing as a way to allocate congested network resources to more needing users, as measured by their willingness to pay. Danielsen and Weiss [4] consider user control for trading delay with price, and Gupta et al. [7] study pricing of mulit server systems based on both priority and network congestion. In comparison with delay systems, there are relatively fewer studies on the pricing of blocking systems. Miller and Buckman [15] focus on transfer pricing of an M=M=N=N system, and conclude it should equal the ....

Gupta, A., Stahl, D. O., and Whinston, A. B. (1997) Priority Pricing of Integrated Services Networks, Internet Economics, Lee McKnight and Joseph Bailey eds., The MIT Press, pp. 323-352.

....most of the economic gains from subdivision into different classes of service can be gained with just a few classes. The basic version of PMP mentioned in the Introduction assigns to each channel a fixed fraction of the capacity of the entire network. One can also use priorities. In the proposals [BohnBCW, GuptaSW2], for example, packets with higher priorities would always be treated by a router before packets with lower priorities. The advantage of this approach is that the full gain from aggregating all traffic on one network would be obtained. However, allowing high priority packets to block completely ....

A. Gupta, D. O. Stahl, and A. B. Whinston, Priority pricing of integrated services networks, pp. 323-352 in Internet Economics, L. W. McKnight and J. P. Bailey, eds., MIT Press, 1997. Preliminary version in J. Electronic Publishing, special issue on Internet economics, hhttp://www.press.umich.edu/jep/i.

....of service to maximize profits. Rising prices encourage prospective agents to look elsewhere. This gives agents a mechanism to compare server congestion as well as incentive to distribute themselves evenly across the network. There are several methods of pricing electronic markets proposed in [GSW97a, MMMM95, WHH 92, WWWMM98, CW98] but little work has been done on calculating mobile agents or users demand and utility. In this context, utility denotes the satisfaction that a user or agent derives from consuming a given resource. A commonly used utility model in microeconomics is the ....

Alok Gupta, Dale O. Stahl, and Andrew B. Whinston. Priority pricing of integrated services networks. In McKnight and Bailey [MB97], pages 323--352.

....framework for selling shares that represent options for processor use. Holding a share ensures that an agent will receive a fraction of processor use proportional to the number of shares in circulation. Finally, it is possible to fix prices for multiple levels of service quality as described in [GSW97] Prices can periodically be calibrated to match changing demand and encourage responsible consumption. Markets require a mechanism to ensure reliable and legitimate transactions among agents. We propose using a trusted third party as an arbiter, though that is not the only solution. Sandholm ....

Alok Gupta, Dale O. Stahl, and Andrew B. Whinston. Priority pricing of integrated services networks. In Lee McKnight and J. P. Bailey, editors, Internet Economics. MIT Press, 1997. To appear.

....They observe [7] that it is no longer possible to rely on end nodes to use end to end congestion control, or on developers to incorporate end to end congestion control in their applications. This observation, together with the heterogeneity of applications, has motivated work (reviewed in [3, 7, 11]) on various measurement and scheduling mechanisms that might be implemented within the network itself to restrict the bandwidth of flows and to discriminate between the services that are provided to different users. The aim of this paper is to explore a different approach. Our premise is that if ....

A. Gupta, A. O. Stahl, and A. B. Whinston. Priority pricing of integrated services networks. In L. W. McKnight and J. P. Bailey, editors, Internet Economics. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachussetts, 1997.

.... the seller assumes perfect a priori knowledge of demand and does an offline calculation of optimal prices (e.g. time of day pricing based on historical traffic patterns) A less extreme approach is to assume only the functional form of demand, and adjust prices by on line tatonnement algorithms [8]. Auctioning is the pricing approach with minimal information requirement. The more difficult it is for the seller to obtain demand information (or valuations) the stronger the case is for using auctions. In the Internet, because of the diverse and rapidly evolving nature of the applications, ....

A. Gupta, D. 0. Stahl, and A. B. Whinston. Priority pricing of integrated services networks. In L. W. McKnight and J. P. Bailey, editors, Internet Economics. MIT Press, 1997.

....options for processor use. Holding a share ensures that an agent will receive a fraction of processor use 1 Previously known as Agent Tcl. proportional to the number of shares in circulation. Finally, it is possible to fix prices for multiple levels of service quality as described in [GSW97] Prices can periodically be calibrated to match changing demand and encourage responsible consumption. Markets require a mechanism to ensure reliable and legitimate transactions among agents. We propose using a trusted third party as an arbiter, though that is not the only solution. Sandholm ....

Alok Gupta, Dale O. Stahl, and Andrew B. Whinston. Priority pricing of integrated services networks. In Lee McKnight and J. P. Bailey, editors, Internet Economics. MIT Press, 1997. To appear.

....of cars, whereas today they operate with one or two. Airlines mostly have either two or three classes of service. The basic version of PMP mentioned in the Introduction assigns to each subnetwork a fixed fraction of the capacity of the entire network. One can also use priorities. In the proposals [BohnBCW, GuptaSW2], for example, packets with higher priorities would always be treated by a router before packets with lower priorities. The advantage of this approach is that the full gain from aggregating all traffic on one network would be obtained. However, allowing high priority packets to block completely ....

....how much to bid to get through the first router on the path Finally, in terms of meeting customer preferences, the MacKie Mason and Varian proposal is likely to be unsatisfactory, since it is impossible to predict how much it will cost to transmit any single packet. The Gupta et al. proposal [GuptaSW1, GuptaSW2, GuptaSW3, GuptaSW4] is 18 (oversimplifying a lot) to have a set of service classes and priorities. As is pointed out in [Clark1, ShenkerCEH] there are problems with this approach, among them that low priority classes could fail to get any bandwidth at all if enough traffic from higher priority classes show ....

A. Gupta, D. O. Stahl, and A. B. Whinston, Priority pricing of integrated services networks, pp. 323-352 in Internet Economics, L. W. McKnight and J. P. Bailey, eds., MIT Press, 1997. Preliminary version in J. Electronic Publishing, special issue on Internet economics, hhttp://www.press.umich.edu/jep/i.

....for providing Internet services to end users (transaction between re sellers and endusers) is known as Internet pricing. Several proposals have been made for Internet pricing. We can classify those proposals into two major groups: congestion sensitive pricing proposals (e.g. 1] 2] 3] 4] [5], 6] 7] 8] static pricing proposals (e.g. 9] 10] 11] In congestion sensitive pricing, as the name suggests, price per unit traffic volume varies by time depending upon the actual network congestion. In static pricing, price per unit service (as traffic volume or service duration) is ....

A. Gupta, D. O. Stahl, and A. B. Whinston, Priority pricing of Integrated Services networks, Eds McKnight and Bailey, MIT Press, 1997.

....40 20 0 Time Prices Prices Arrival Rate Arrival Rate 3 There need not be as many priority classes as the different types of QoS requirements, several different QoS requirements could be fulfilled by a single priority class. 4 The details of the simulation model are provided in [5] and [8]. since there are 100 differently sized services and since each time a service request is made the amount of work could be in a range of 0 15 megabits. We introduced further variations in the demand process to simulate fractal demand patterns by generating each new arrival from a different ....

....Rate Prices Mean Fractal Arrival Rate Figure 4. Options for sending data. Network A Network B Network C Sender Receiver providers can implement a pricing policy that requires complete path information and performance information at each router in the path. In a pricing framework such as [5, 7, 8], the network providers can price their cost of their servers based on the demand they observe and provide information regarding the total price and expected performance to users decision making agents or adjacent networks. This hierarchical approach provides a powerful analysis tool that can be ....

Gupta, A., Stahl, D.O., and Whinston, A.B. Priority pricing of integrated services networks. In L. McKnight and J. Bailey Eds., Internet Economics. MIT Press, Cambridge, 1997, 323--352.

No context found.

Gupta, A.; Stahl, D.O.; Whinston, A.B. Priority pricing of integrated services networks. Internet Economics, ed. Lee McKnight and Joseph Bailey, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1995.

No context found.

. Gupta, A. Stahl, D. and Whinston, A., "Priority Pricing of Integrated Services Networks"

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Gupta, A.; Stahl, D.O.; Whinston, A.B. Priority pricing of integrated services networks. Internet Economics, ed. Lee McKnight and Joseph Bailey, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1995.

No context found.

Alok Gupta, Dale O. Stahl and Andrew B. Whinston, "Priority pricing of integrated services networks," in Internet Economics, Lee W. McKnight and Joseph P. Bailey, ed., pp. 323--352, 1997.

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A. Gupta, D. O. Stahl, and A. B. Whinston, Priority pricing of Integrated Services networks, Eds McKnight and Bailey, MIT Press, 1997.

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A. Gupta, D. O. Stahl, and A. B. Whinston, Priority pricing of Integrated Services networks, Eds McKnight and Bailey, MIT Press, 1997.

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A. Gupta, D.O. Stahl, and A.B. Whinston, "Priority pricing of integrated services networks". In L.W. McKnight, and J.P. Bailey, Internet Economics, MIT Press, 1997.

No context found.

A. Gupta, D. O. Stahl, and A. B. Whinston, "Priority pricing of integrated services networks," in Internet Economics, L. McKnight and J. Bailey, Eds.: MIT Press, 1997, pp. 323-352.

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