K. Bogineni, K. M. Sivalingam, and P. W. Dowd, "Low-complexity multiple access protocols for wavelength-division multiplexed photonic networks," IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., vol. 11, pp. 590--604, May 1993.  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....the use of one [2, 3] or more [6] control channels. Alternatively, a hybrid WDM TDM approach may be employed. In this case, the optical bandwidth is proallocated by means of a transmission schedule that indicates the slots in which the various transceivers may access the available channels [9, 1]. This work explores the delay and packet loss probability behavior of single hop networks employing TDM schedules under potentially non uniform traffic patterns. Because of the complexity of the resulting optimization problems, a large part of our work is devoted to developing heuristics that (a) ....

....problems, a large part of our work is devoted to developing heuristics that (a) construct schedules to achieve near optimal mean queue length, and (b) allocate the buffer capacity so as to attain an acceptable packet loss probability. As a result, substantial gains in performance over I TDMA [1] arc achieved. Section 2 presents our system model. Heuristics to minimize the mean packet delay and packet loss probability are developed in Sections 3 and 4, respectively. We present numerical results in Section 5, and a summary in Section 6. 2 System iModel We consider a network of N ....

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K. Bogineni,et al. Low complexity multiple access protocols for wavelength-division multiplexed photonic networks.

....is received. To ensure proper handshaking, the source node will hold the channel on which the data packet was transmitted until after the acknowledgement phase is complete. This results in decreased channel utilisation, which is considered a major drawback of the protocol. 5.2. 3 I SA I SA [3] is a variation of the I SA protocol. There are two main improvements in I SA . First, a node can now have multiple queues. This avoids problems related to querying priority during packet transmit phase. Second, the source node can transmit packets on another channel rather than waiting for the ....

K. Bogineni, K.M. Sivalingam, and P.W. Dowd. Low-complexity multiple access protocols for wavelength-division multiplexed photonic networks. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 11(4):pp. 590--604, May 1993.

....determine the task completion time and the utilization of the communication hardware. The recent developments in fiber optics networks promise data transfer rate of the order of 1 Gigabit second. One such technology is passive star coupled interconnection using wavelength division multiplexing [2, 3, 6]. We study how to use this new technology in developing high performance heterogeneous systems. Earlier studies of heterogeneous systems [5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 14] have only assumed the presence of high speed communication channels between the computers. However, they have not analyzed the interplay ....

....accurately reflected by the simulation results, regardless of the nature of parallelism. 3 Passive star coupled optical interconnection architecture Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) protocols are being developed to transmit several 1 gigabit data streams through a single optic fiber cable [2, 3, 6]. These protocols assume passive optical starcoupled networks with preassigned channels. The individual signal streams from the source nodes are combined in a passive star coupler, and the combined signal is sent on each outgoing fiber. At the destination node optical filters can select the ....

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Kalyani Bogineni, Krishna M. Sivalingam, and Patrick W. Dowd. Low-Complexity Multiple Access Protocols for Wavelength-Division Multiplexed Photonic Networks. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communication, 11(4):590504, May 1993.

.... architectures consider star topologies, where some type of switch, router, or other type of hub, is placed in the center of a topology and each node is directly connected to the hub ( MB99, HRS93, LK93, MHH98, NT90, LA95, Gui97, SR96, CG89, GK91, LGK96, YGK96, HKS87, SGK87, Meh90, JU92, GG94, BSD93, CG99, Dow91, MJS00, WH98, SG00, HKR 96, GCJ 93, KFG92, CDR90] These star architectures usually involve a passive optical broadcast star. These stars generally have senders and or receivers that are tunable over the whole spectrum or a subset of the spectrum. Since the topology is very ....

K. Bogineni, K.M. Sivalingam, and P.W. Dowd. Low-complexity multiple access protocols for wavelength-division multiplexed photonic networks. In Jsac, volume 11, pages 509--604, 1993.

....[41] passing Mux DeMux Source Dest. xed TT,TR 1 Low High Allocation [42] TWSA [43] xed k TTs,k TRs 1 Low High Many to One [44] xed TT,FR or N Low High One to Many FT,TR or One to One TT,TR Many to Many S Aloha [45] random TT,k FRs 1 Low Low Random TDMA High High Sync. Rand. I SA [46, 47, 48, 31] random TT,FR 1 Low Low I TDMA xed I SA [49, 47, 31] random TT,FR 1 Low Low I TDMA xed High PAC [50, 51] random TT,TR,PAC, N Low Medium No Sync. Control star DISA [52] hybrid TT,FR 1 Medium High DMACS [53] hybrid FT,TT,2 FRs 1, N Medium High a Key to Comments: No Sync. no ....

....Allocation [42] TWSA [43] xed k TTs,k TRs 1 Low High Many to One [44] xed TT,FR or N Low High One to Many FT,TR or One to One TT,TR Many to Many S Aloha [45] random TT,k FRs 1 Low Low Random TDMA High High Sync. Rand. I SA [46, 47, 48, 31] random TT,FR 1 Low Low I TDMA xed I SA [49, 47, 31] random TT,FR 1 Low Low I TDMA xed High PAC [50, 51] random TT,TR,PAC, N Low Medium No Sync. Control star DISA [52] hybrid TT,FR 1 Medium High DMACS [53] hybrid FT,TT,2 FRs 1, N Medium High a Key to Comments: No Sync. no network wide synchronization is required; Sync. Rand. ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

K. Bogineni, K. M. Sivalingam, and P. W. Dowd, \Low-complexity multiple access protocols for wavelength-division multiplexed photonic networks," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 590-604, May 1993.

....the current supercomputers and of those expected to be available in the next few years. These machine specifications have been derived based on the values reported in [4, 11, 17] The performance specifications of the communication network have been selected based on the information obtained from [3, 6]. 5.1 Communication Architecture and Bandwidth Local area network communication rate has not increased at the same rate as the processing power and memory size. The high performance parallel interface (HIPPI) physical layer standard defines full duplex parallel interfaces that can run at speeds ....

.... interface (HIPPI) physical layer standard defines full duplex parallel interfaces that can run at speeds up to 200 megabytes second [17, 18] Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) protocols are being developed to transmit sev12 eral 1 gigabit data streams through a single optic fiber cable [3, 6]. These WDM protocols assume passive optical star coupled networks with preassigned channels. Such protocols have low complexity which is especially important since there is still a great mismatch between the speeds of the optical network interfaces and the bandwidth of the fiber. Advances in the ....

Kalyani Bogineni, Krishna M. Sivalingam, and Patrick W. Dowd. Low-Complexity Multiple Access Protocols for Wavelength-Division Multiplexed Photonic Networks. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communication, 11(4):590--604, May 1993.

.... a hybrid time wavelength division multiple access (T WDMA) approach may be employed, in which case the bandwidth of each channel may be preallocated to each of the sources by means of a transmission schedule that indicates the slots in which the various stations may access the available channels [7, 3]. This work explores the delay and packet loss probability behavior of transmission schedules. In particular, we are interested in developing schedules that will have good performance under the (potentially non uniform) traffic patterns one expects to encounter in realistic parallel and ....

....our main new contribution in this work is a relatively simple media access control scheme which, in the general case (i.e. non uniform traffic) has good performance not only in terms of throughput, but also in terms of delay and packet loss. A round robin T WDMA protocol (I TDMA ) was studied in [3] and its delay characteristics under uniform traffic were obtained. Numerical results to be presented indicate that our approach achieves significant performance gains over I TDMA , especially as the size of the network grows. 1 As in [3, 13, 19, 6] we consider environments in which the latency ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

K. Bogineni, K. M. Sivalingam, and P. W. Dowd. Low-complexity multiple access protocols for wavelength-division multiplexed photonic networks. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 11(4):590--604, May 1993.

....choice of wavelength subsets can alleviate the wavelength contention problem as well. 2.5 Related Work There has been a lot of work on the problem of wavelength contention in a metropolitan area or local area optical network. Most of them, like our work, employ scheduling based MAC protocols [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]. Typically, the input trac is abstracted as a trac matrix. In many cases, the trac pattern is all to all, and in some cases (e.g. 11] the trac matrix is uniform, i.e. every entry has value 1. In the vast majority of cases, each node has the same transceiver capabilities, e.g. either all ....

K. Bogineni, K.M. Sivalingam, and P.W. Dowd, \Low complexity multiple access protocols for wavelength division multiplexed photonic networks," IEEE J. Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 590-604, May 1993.

.... network is single hop all optical in the sense that data are transmitted from a source to a destination in a single optical hop without any intermediate processing [14] A single hop network is attractive in a local area environment where all the nodes can be connected to a passive broadcast star [5, 13, 19]. In order to support any to any connectivity, either the transmitters, or the receivers, or both, must be able to tune across the channels. Transmitters and receivers that can tune from one wavelength to another are called tunable; while those that cannot are called fixed tuned. In this paper, we ....

K. Bogineni, K.M. Sivalingam, and P.W. Dowd, "Low-complexity multiple access protocols for wavelength-division multiplexed photonic networks," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 590-604, 1993. 17

.... The nodes in such a network can transmit and receive messages on any of the channels using one or more tunable transmitter(s) and or tunable receiver(s) Several topologies have been proposed for WDM networks [1] 2] a popular one of which is the single hop, passive star coupled topology [3]. To unleash the potential of single hop, WDM passive star networks, efficient access protocols and scheduling algorithms are needed to allocate and coordinate system resources optimally while satisfying message Department of Computer Science University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, ....

....system resources optimally while satisfying message Department of Computer Science University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong Page 3 and system constraints. Such protocols and algorithms have been divided into two main classes, namely preallocation based [3][4] 5] 6] and reservation based [7] 8] 9] 10] 11] techniques. Preallocation based techniques use all channels of a fiber to transmit messages. These techniques assign transmission rights to different nodes in a static and pre determined manner. Reservation based techniques allocate a channel as ....

K. Bogineni, K.M. Sivalingam, and P.W. Dowd, "Low-Complexity Multiple Access Protocols for WavelengthDivision Multiplexed Photonic Networks," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas of Communications, 11 (4), pp. 590-603, May 1993.

....such communication protocols are to maximize the throughput and to minimize the delay. The characteristics of these protocols are heavily influenced by the span of the network they are designed for. In the past few years, several of these protocols have been proposed for Local Area Networks (LANs) [1,3 6,13,15,17,18,24,26]. The designer of this type of protocols has a number of variables to consider. Some of the most important factors, and their effects on the overall design and performance of the protocol are detailed in what follows: Medium Sharing Scheme. Broadly speaking, at one side of the spectrum we find ....

....if every station in the network is fit with a number of tunable receivers that equals the number of available data channels. The hardware architecture of the network assumed for our protocol is based on a central passive star coupler. This is the most frequently used architecture for optical LANs [1,3 6,13,15,17,18,24,26]. This can be attributed to attractive features such as simple passive broadcasting, single stage control, data rate independence [14,16] flexibility, reliability, and optical power budget advantage over other schemes [10] Note that our protocol can also be realized on a bus topology. The ....

K. Bogineni, K.M. Sivalingam, P.W. Dowd, "Low-Complexity Multiple Access Protocols for WavelengthDivision Multiplexed Photonic Networks," IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Comm., Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 590--604, May 1993.

....Node #N Figure 1: A passive star based local lightwave network. Once the hardware is chosen, a media access protocol must be developed so that nodes can co ordinate their transmissions. WDM protocols based on synchronous TDM access to each channel have been proposed to eliminate collisions [2] [3] [4] The bandwidth of each channel is divided into slots, which are globally synchronized over all channels. Node pairs are allocated slots over which to communicate. This allocation of slots forms a transmission schedule. An alternative to random access and fixed schedule protocols is ....

....A complete analysis of such a system seems to be intractable and such a study is still an open problem. Existing analyses assume either single packet buffers at all nodes [8] or an infinite number of channels [6] An analysis of a finite channel system which includes queueing was presented in [3], but the transceiver tuning time was assumed to be negligible, and the protocol analyzed was a deterministic round robin scheduling scheme. Given that the upper bounds on throughput are provided in the analysis of [8] we focus on providing a simple analysis of the lower bounds on mean packet ....

K. Bogineni, K. M. Sivalingham, and P. W. Dowd, "Low-complexity multiple access protocols for wavelength-division multiplexed photonic networks," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 11, pp. 590--604, May 1993.

....on a wavelengthtime assignment of the optical bandwidth, whereby time is slotted and each node may transmit only in slots specified by a predetermined schedule. Several single hop architectures have been proposed in the literature, and have been extensively studied for singledestination traffic [4], 7] 8] 10] In particular, the authors have developed a general framework for analyzing and optimizing the throughput [13] and delay [14] performance of single hop networks using TDMA schedules, for any number of wavelengths, any transceiver tunability characteristics, and general ....

....multicast queue from now on) is used for storing arriving multi destination packets regardless of their multicast group 2 . Having separate queues eliminates the head of line effects of a single buffer, and helps to drastically improve the delay and throughput characteristics as demonstrated in [4], 14] A. Transmission Schedules The media access scheme we consider is an extension of weighted TDMA over a multi channel environment. In such a scheme, time slots are grouped in frames of M N slots. A transmission schedule indicates, for all i and j, which slots during a frame can be used ....

K. Bogineni, K. M. Sivalingam, and P. W. Dowd. Lowcomplexity multiple access protocols for wavelength-division multiplexed photonic networks. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 11(4):590--604, May 1993.

....was limited to 36 . These results and others have motivated researchers to examine WDM TDM media access protocols. A survey of WDM single hop passive star based media access protocols can be found in [5] WDM TDM hybrid access schemes have been proposed by a number of authors [6] 13] 14] [15] [16] 17] 18] These techniques have several advantages over WDM schemes based on pre transmission coordination, e.g. ffl no control channel 1 , ffl less hardware (one transmitter and one receiver per node) 2 , ffl low per packet processing overhead, and ffl high maximum throughput 3 ....

....into categories based on their underlying assumptions: fixed schedules, schedules obtained via bipartite matching, and schedules that pipeline transceiver tuning latencies. 2. 1 Algorithms Based on Fixed Schedules A round robin multichannel WDM TDM protocol (I Gamma TDMA ) is examined in [15]. One tunable transmitter and one fixed receiver per node is assumed, with W N . Each node is allocated one slot per channel during each frame. Frame length is N Gamma 1 slots for W = N and N slots for W N . Tuning time is negligible and traffic flows between all sourcedestination pairs are ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

K. Bogineni, K. M. Sivalingham, and P. W. Dowd, "Low-complexity multiple access protocols for wavelength-division multiplexed photonic networks," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 11, pp. 590--604, May 1993.

....wavelengths) never collide. For transmissions on the same channel, there will not be a collision as long as the transmissions from different nodes pass through the PSC at different times. WDM protocols based on synchronous time division multiplexing (TDM) have been proposed to eliminate collisions [1, 2, 7]. Reservation protocols which use deterministic control channel based arbitration have also been proposed [5, 8, 9] A multichannel, WDM single hop protocol that incorporates multicasting was examined in [11] An upper bound on the performance of multicasting on a WDM local network was studied in ....

K. Bogineni, K. M. Sivalingam, and P. W. Dowd, "Lowcomplexity multiple access protocols for wavelengthdivision multiplexed photonic networks," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas of Communications, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 590-604, May 1993.

....wavelength contention is reduced. Wavelength conversion is a fundamental feature of multi hop networks. In this paper, only multi hop routing networks will be considered. We evaluate the performance of a circuitswitched all optical network with wavelength conversion. Semi Markov process techniques [2, 3] are employed in investigating the resulting performance. Propagation delay, This workwas supportedby the U.S Departmentof Defense, Laboratory for Physical Sciences, College Park, Maryland. Preprints and related works are available via WWW at http: piranha.eng.buffalo.edu . The authors may be ....

.... 1, and with probability0 when i = j (Uniform Reference Model) 4) A transmitter can hold exactly one packet (new packet generation is stalled until it receives acknowledgment packet) Note that this model could easily be extended to handle multiple connections and or multi packet buffers as in [3]. 5) All links between two adjacent nodes have the same propagation delay. The performance of the protocol is studied by modeling the behavior of the transaction of a control packet as it travels from the source node to the destination node, and back to the source node in the form of an ....

K. Bogineni, K. M. Sivalingam, and P. W. Dowd, "Low complexity multiple access protocols for wavelength-division multiplexed photonic networks," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas of Communications, vol. 11, pp. 590--604, May 1993.

....or a control transmitter receiver. Protocols based on scheduled TDM approaches that allow multiple reservations may provide better performance but are prohibitively expensive for real time hardware implementation. In LiteMAC, there is no restriction of a fixed home channel for reception as in [3] and a node can transmit and receive on any free channel. The protocol is derived from the reservation based FatMAC protocol developed for the tunable transmitter and fixed receiver (TT FR) architecture [14] Note that the LiteMAC protocol was originally presented in [15] where preliminary results ....

BOGINENI, K., SIVALINGAM, K. M., AND DOWD, P. W. Low complexity multiple access protocols for wavelength-division multiplexed photonic networks. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 11, 4 (May 1993), 590--604.

....media access protocol enable a snooping style of cache coherence protocol to be considered. However, a reservation based media access protocol has greater system complexity than a pre allocation based configuration due to the requirement of multiple wavelength tunable components per processor [8]. An alternative is a pre allocation based photonic media access protocol with a directory based cache coherence scheme. Directory based coherence schemes require explicit invalidations for distributed shared memory which lengthens the total transaction time [9] This approach supports physical ....

....and or data packet transmission which may require retransmission of both. Pre Allocation: protocols that eliminate the need of a control channel through channel pre allocation. Each node is assigned a home channel that it uses either for transmission or reception. Examples may be found in [11, 8]. Channels are allocated a priori, reducing system complexity since a node does not need both a fast tunable transmitter and a fast tunable receiver. Pre allocation may be achieved by either specifying the channel a node will use to transmit (requires a tunable receiver and a fixed transmitter) or ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

K. Bogineni, K. M. Sivalingam, and P. W. Dowd, "Low complexity multiple access protocols for wavelength-division multiplexed photonic networks," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas of Communications, vol. 11, pp. 590--604, May 1993.

....receptions. Reduced system complexity is achieved with pre allocation since a node is not required to possess both a fast tunable transmitter and a fast tunable receiver. Furthermore, the difficulty of supporting a control channel is eliminated and all channels are used for data transmission [25]. A time multiplexed pre allocation protocol is used in this paper to provide access arbitration. A system has M nodes and C WDM channels where each node has a tunable transmitter and a fixed (or slow tunable) receiver. The number of channels required for the interconnection pattern is ....

....where 0 c A C Gamma 1 and 1 A M . An interleaved home channel allocation policy is defined as c A = A mod C. Each node with this approach has the opportunity to transmit on each channel once per cycle as shown in Fig. 3. Each node maintains C transmit queues to avoid head of line effects [25]. Collisions are avoided and the difficulty of supporting acknowledgments and retransmissions is eliminated. A cycle, denoted by L, is defined as the length of time for all nodes to be assigned a slot on all channels. Typically, L = m, but may differ depending on the switching latency (the ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

K. Bogineni, K. M. Sivalingam, and P. W. Dowd, "Low complexity multiple access protocols for wavelength-division multiplexed photonic networks," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas of Communications, vol. 11, May 1993.

....I TDMA, slotted on block boundaries; b) FatMAC, hybrid strategy with control and block packets. Note that picture is not drawn to scale since L AE 1. This section describes the hybrid protocol, denoted as FatMAC, and then compares its performance to a time multiplexed protocol, denoted as I TDMA [9], which also assumes each node has a tunable transmitter and a fixed receiver. In a multi level system, each node has one receiver per level tuned to the home channel for that level. A source node can determine the home channel of the destination node in a decentralized fashion basedon the channel ....

....in a cycle on at most one level. This could be generalized, depending on the buffer strategy of the network interface card, where a node could transmit Class A packets on Level 1 in between Level 2 reservation and block packets. 3.2 I TDMA This is a multi channel extension to TDMA. Refer to [9] for a more detailed description. Time is slotted on each channel corresponding to a memory block packet transmission time. Every node in the system has a chanceto transmit on eachchannel per cycle. Fig. 2(a) illustrates a source node channel allocation map when M = 6 and C = 2. Although I TDMA ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

K. Bogineni, K. M. Sivalingam, and P. W. Dowd, "Low complexity multiple access protocols for wavelength-division multiplexed photonic networks," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas of Communications, vol. 11, pp. 590--604, May 1993.

....or all data packet receptions. This eliminates the requirement that a node possess both a tunable transmitter and a tunable receiver. Pre allocation approaches appear to be very promising due to their low implementational and operational complexity. Pre allocation protocols have been considered in [10, 12, 14, 1, 18]. A survey of existing media access protocols protocols may be found in [14] The two protocols analyzed in [1] are based on random access (I SA) and static access (I TDMA) Both protocols assumed one tunable transmitter and one fixed receiver per node. Each node had a single queue of variable ....

K. M. Sivalingam, K. Bogineni, and P. W. Dowd, "Low complexity multiple access protocols for wavelength division multiplexed photonic networks," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas of Communications, (Under Review), 1992.

....cause the performance of this protocol to degrade. As shown in Section 4, I TDMA cannot take full advantage of an increase in channels with the single queue configuration. Generalizing the queue design at each node would help this problem, but is not considered in this paper and is considered in [25, 26]. 3 Analytic Performance Models The impact of the tunable transmitter switching latency on I TDMA and I SA performance is studied through semimarkov models. The protocol models enable prediction of performance behavior with changes in various parameters such as the number of nodes, the number of ....

K. M. Sivalingam, K. Bogineni, and P. W. Dowd, "Low complexity multiple access protocols for wavelength division multiplexed photonic networks," Tech. Rep. CES-92-0803, State University of New York at Buffalo, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sept. 1992.

....in [1] Access schemes for multiple channel star networks for the star have been extensively studied. The access schemes studied in this paper are multi channel extensions of D Net [4] and DQDB (IEEE 802.6) an extended version of AMTRAC [5] and Fairnet [6] for the bus, I SA [7] andI TDMA [8] for the star. The topologies are studied with respect to implementational complexity, system scalability (variation in number of nodes and channels) protocol performance (in terms of average packet delay and network throughput) cost and fault tolerance. The paper is organized as follows. ....

K. Bogineni, K. M. Sivalingam, and P. W. Dowd, "Low complexity multiple access protocols for wavelength-division multiplexed photonic networks," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas of Communications, vol. 11, pp. 590--604, May 1993.

No context found.

K. Bogineni, K. M. Sivalingam, and P. W. Dowd, "Low-complexity multiple access protocols for wavelength-division multiplexed photonic networks," IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., vol. 11, pp. 590--604, May 1993.

No context found.

K. Bogineni, K. M. Sivalingam, and P. W. Dowd, "Low-complexity multiple access protocols for wavelength-division multiplexed photonic networks," IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 590--604, May 1993.

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