Stevens, Kenneth N., Samuel Jay Keyser, and Haruko Kawasaki. 1986. Toward a Phonetic and Phonological Theory of Redundant Features. In Joseph S. Perkell and Dennis H. Klatt, eds., Symposium on Invariance and Variability of Speech Processes, 426-449. Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....targeted constraint #NO( HI, ATR) in terms of two components: one articulatory and one perceptual. Our discussion in this section draws upon that of Archangeli Pulleyblank (1994, especially 3. 3) which in turn reviews work by Hall Hall (1980) Halle Stevens (1969) Perkell (1971) and Stevens et al. 1986), among others. We of course take full responsibility for all errors in the present exposition. The tongue body and the tongue root are two parts of a single articulator. Therefore, raising the tongue body, as required for a high vowel, is antagonistic with retraction of the tongue root, which ....

Stevens, Kenneth N., Samuel Jay Keyser, and Haruko Kawasaki. 1986. Toward a Phonetic and Phonological Theory of Redundant Features. In Joseph S. Perkell and Dennis H. Klatt, eds., Symposium on Invariance and Variability of Speech Processes, 426-449. Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

.... When two natural categories in the acoustic space are not contrastive in a language, however, the discretised probability distributions in the articulatory space are assumed to still be available for the production module to use in the independent categorical control of enhancing features (Stevens et al. 1986). This type of model locates the discretisation into segments and features entirely at the articulatory to acoustic bottleneck that nature provides, and attributes to the lexicon only the function of determining whether a particular (naturally discrete) acoustic feature is distinctive in the ....

Stevens, K. N., S. J. Keyser & H. Kawasaki. 1986. Toward a phonetic and phonological theory of redundant features. In J. S. Perkell & D. H. Klatt (eds.) Invariance and Variability in Speech Processes, pp. 426-449. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

....are to be preferred to constraint based ones. 7 THE MIRAGE OF ENHANCEMENT A particulary illustrative combination of what we consider to be the misuse of substantive considerations and functionalism can be found in the literature on phonetic enhancement and the maximization of contrast (e.g. Stevens et al. 1986). For example, the tendency of three vowel systems to contain the maximally distinct set i,u,a is taken as a reflection of a phonological principle demanding the best use of the available acoustic space. Like other claims concerning markedness and UG, this pattern is no more than a tendency. ....

Stevens, K., S. J. Keyser, and H. Kawasaki. 1986. Toward a phonetic and phonological theory of redundant features. In J. Perkell and D. Klatt (eds.) Symposium on invariance and variability of speech processes. Hillsdale: Erlbaum.

....For a maximal perceptual contrast between two places of articulation, a language should have unrounded front vowels (maximum F 2 ) and rounded back vowels (minimum F 2 ) Even in phonetics, however, the necessary distinction between perception and production seems not always to be made. Stevens, Keyser Kawasaki (1986) speak of the enhancement by lip rounding of the perceptual contrast between vowels with high and vowel with low F 2 . With a proper division of labour between perception and production, the statement should be altered to: a maximal F 2 contrast is implemented by having a group of vowels with ....

Stevens, Kenneth N., Samuel Jay Keyser, & Haruko Kawasaki (1986): "Toward a phonetic and phonological theory of redundant features", in: Joseph S. Perkell & Dennis H. Klatt (eds.): Invariance and Variability in Speech Processes, Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, pp. 426-449.

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