Sean Luke, Lee Spector, David Rager, and Jim Hendler. Ontology-based Web Agents". In Proceedings of First International Conference on Autonomous Agents, 1997. (http://www.cs.umd.edu/projects/plus/SHOE/).  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   ACM   TOC   Related Articles   Check

....and improper references. The approaches from this line of research that are closest to CREAM is the SHOE Knowledge Annotator , WebKB, and the MnM annotation tool. The SHOE Knowledge Annotator is a Java program that allows users to mark up web pages with the SHOE ontology. The SHOE system [26] defines additional tags that can be embedded in the body of HTML pages. The SHOE Knowledge Annotator is rather a little helper (like our earlier OntoPad [12] 6] than a full fledged annotation environment. WebKB [27] uses conceptual graphs for representing the semantic content of Web ....

S. Luke, L. Spector, D. Rager, and J. Hendler. Ontology-based Web Agents. In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Autonomous Agents, Marina del Rey, CA, USA, February 5-8, 1997.

....in the scenario section. The approaches from this line of research that are closest to CREAM is the SHOE Knowledge Annotator 5, WebKB, and the MnM annotation tool. The SHOE Knowledge Annotator is a Java program that allows users to mark up web pages with the SHOE ontology. The SHOE system [33] defines addi tional tags that can be embedded in the body of HTML pages. The SHOE Knowledge Annotator is rather a little helper (like our earlier OntoPad [14] 7] than a full fledged annotation environment. WebKB [34] uses conceptual graphs for representing the semantic content of Web ....

S. Luke, L. Spector, D. Rager, and J. Hentiler. Ontology-based Web Agents. In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Autonomous Agents Marina del Rey CA USA February 5-3 1997.

....automatic processing based on the page contents and the semantics of these contents (extraction and presentation of the information, automatic services activation, etc. The current trend proposes to make use of knowledge representation techniques to enhance web pages information with semantics [24]. The emergence of standards for structural knowledge representation, like DAML OIL and RDF, should allow researchers to o er better services in information retrieval: semantic requests [2] semantic document indexing, etc. However, ordinary users in the semantic web do not access directly to ....

S. LUKE, L. SPECTOR, D. RAGER, and J. HENDLER. Ontology based Web Agents. In Proc. 1st Intl Conf. on Autonomous Agents, 1997.

....1. 1 Active components in the semantic web The semantic web is an extension of the current web in which information is described in a welldefined manner [3] in order to allow software components to perform automatic processing based on the page contents and the semantics of these contents [17] (extraction and presentation of the information, automatic services activation, etc. The current trends propose to make use of knowledge representation techniques [2] to enhance web pages information with semantics [6] The emergence of standards for structural knowledge representation, like ....

S. LUKE, L. SPECTOR, D. RAGER, and J. HENDLER. Ontology based Web Agents. In Proc. 1st Intl Conf. on Autonomous Agents, 1997.

....extensive topic would be very much beyong the scope of this paper. We have therefore selected a limited number of representative projects in order to compare our work with the state of the art in the field. No completeness of this survey is intended. SHOE SHOE ( Simple HTML Ontology Extension , [13]) is an extension of HTML in which one can define ontologies and use these ontologies to annotate HTML pages. There are a number of important differences with WebMaster s notion of ontology. Firstly, WebMaster derives type membership on the basis of required properties as stated in rules while in ....

S. Luke, L. Spector, D. Rager, and J. Hendler. Ontology-based Web agents. In Proceedings of First International Conference on Autonomous Agents (AA'97), 1997.

....unfortunately, it lacks a standardised way to link them with an abstract description of their semantics. There are many proposals that aim at solving this problem. They usually rely on annotating web pages with instances of ontologies that are usually written in languages such as DAML [1] SHOE [17] or RDF Schema [16] Unfortunately, there are very little annotated pages if we compare them with non annotated pages. As of the time of writing this article, the DAML crawler (www.daml.org crawler) reports 17,019 annotated web pages, which is a negligible figure if we compare it with 2,110 ....

S. Luke, L. Spector, D. Rager, and J. Hendler. Ontology-based web agents. In First International Conference on Autonomous Agents, 1997.

....metric is calculated by passing through the hypernym links, i.e. isa links, through WordNet. More recent proposals for Web based information retrieval build on ontology based information agents which search for, maintain, and mediate relevant information on behalf of their users or other agents [40, 30, 45]. Sim and Wong [30] have developed a society of software agents: Query processing agents which assist users in selecting Web pages, information filtering agents for actual information retrieval, and information monitoring agents to report changes. Query processing agents search for URLs using ....

S. Luke and L. Spector and D. Rager and J. Hendler. Ontology-based Web Agents. In W.L. Johnson, editor, In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Autonomous Agents (AutonomousAgents97) , New York, Association for Computing Machinery, pages 59--66, 1997.

....sketched in the scenario section. The approaches from this line of research that are closest to S CREAM is the SHOE Knowledge Annotator and the WebKB annotation tool. The SHOE Knowledge Annotator is a Java program that allows users to mark up webpages with the SHOE ontology. The SHOE system [20] defines additional tags that can be embedded in the body of HTML pages. The SHOE Knowledge Annotator is rather a little helper (like our earlier OntoPad [10] 5] than a full fledged annotation environment. WebKB uses conceptual graphs for representing the semantic content of Web documents. It ....

S. Luke, L. Spector, D. Rager, and J. Hendler. Ontology-based Web Agents. In Proceedings of First International Conference on Autonomous Agents, 1997.

....in a generic way and provide a commonly agreed understanding of a domain, which may be reused, shared, and operationalized across applications and groups. Thus, ontologies are well suited for enabling communication between agents in general, including software agents as well as human agents [4]. However, because of their size, their complexity and their formal underpinnings ontologies are still far from being a commodity. Developing ontologies is a non trivial task. We relied on a well known ontology engineering environment accompanied by a methodology for ontology development. ....

S. Luke, L. Spector, D. Rager, and J. Hendler. Ontology based web agents. In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Autonomous Agents, 1997.

.... Wrappers are also not likely to be automatically generated [ACHK93, EW94, DEW97] The reason is that there is no uniform mechanism to describe the semantics of information contained in Web pages [TNC 96] Attempts to overcome these problems try to enhance web pages by semantical information [LSRH97] or agree on micro languages more powerful than HTML [Fuc96] In both approaches human design is essential. Therefore rapid prototyping of web applications is a prerequesite for the success of this technology. Recently, logic programming which supports rapid prototyping is extended and enhanced ....

Sean Luke, Lee Spector, David Rager, and James Hendler. Ontologybased web agents. In Proceedings of First Internationl Conference on Autonomous Agents, AA97, pages 59--66. ACM Press, 1997.

....transparency, since the user cannot foresee in which class the relevant documents lay. A more ambitious approach to enhance precision is to annotate Web pages with special HTML tags which convey the page s classification e.g. SHOE system (Simple HTML Ontology Extension) Luke et al. 1996, Luke et al. 1997] 4 , GDA system (Global Document Annotation) Utiyama Hasida 1997] 5 . The user determines the page s classification based on some available ontology, indicated in the page s heading. Two major drawbacks can be identified here: 1) the index bases are constrained to pages marked with each ....

Luke, S., Spector, L. Rager, D., Hendler, J.; `Ontologybased Web Agents'. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Autonomous Agents (AA-97). 1997.

....web resources, RDF) models, and statements rst class citizens. Its main purpose is to query web resources in a declarative way, e.g. for intelligent information retrieval based on background knowledge like ontologies and search heuristics. For early approaches in this area, refer to, e.g. [7, 6, 13]. TRIPLE s layered architecture allows extensions of RDF to be implemented as extension modules (via parameterized models) Simple object oriented extensions like RDF Schema can be directly implemented with the extended Horn logic features of TRIPLE, other extensions like DAML OIL are realized ....

Sean Luke, Lee Spector, David Rager, and Jim Hendler. Ontology-based Web Agents. In Proceedings of First International Conference on Autonomous Agents (AA-97), 1997.

....sketched in the scenario section. The approaches from this line of research that are closest to CREAM is the SHOE Knowledge Annotator 9 and the WebKB annotation tool. The SHOE Knowledge Annotator is a Java program that allows users to mark up webpages with the SHOE ontology. The SHOE system [26] defines additional tags that can be embedded in the body of HTML pages. The SHOE Knowledge Annotator is rather a little helper (like our earlier OntoPad [12] 5] than a full fledged annotation environment. WebKB uses conceptual graphs for representing the semantic content of Web documents. It ....

S. Luke, L. Spector, D. Rager, and J. Hendler. Ontology-based Web Agents. In Proceedings of First International Conference on Autonomous Agents, 1997.

....from those of Pirolli et al. but common to both approaches is the central importance of vector based text similarity and hyperlink connectivity. 8.4. Extracting knowledge bases from the Web Other groups have worked on extracting propositional knowledge base information from the Web. Luke et al. [37] have proposed an extension to HTML called SHOE whereby Web page authors can encode ontological information on their pages. The have also developed a system, Expose, that extracts SHOE encoded information from Web pages, and stores it in a local knowledge base. Their hope is that a library of ....

S. Luke, L. Spector, D. Rager, J. Hendler, Ontology-based Web agents, in: W.L. Johnson (Ed.), Proc. 1st International Conference on Autonomous Agents, Marina del Rey, CA, 1997, pp. 59--66.

....references, and all the problems sketched in the introduction. The approaches from this line of research that are closest to CREAM is the SHOE Knowledge Annotator 9 . The SHOE Knowledge Annotator is a Java program that allows users to mark up webpages with the SHOE ontology. The SHOE system [17] defines additional tags that can be embedded in the body of HTML pages. The Knowledge Annotater is less user friendly compared with our implementation Ont O Mat. It shows the ontology in some textual lists, whereas Ont O Mat gives a graphical visualization of the ontologies. Furthermore, in SHOE ....

S. Luke, L. Spector, D. Rager, and J. Hendler. Ontology-based Web Agents. In Proceedings of First International Conference on Autonomous Agents, 1997.

....asset for any digital library system. However, retrieving and classifying documents from the Web presents a unique set of challenges. Information on the WWW may be unstructured, transient or unreliable and traditional methods often prove inadequate. We believe that new approaches are required [5]. The transient nature of information on the Web is not characteristic of other sources of information for digital libraries. Information often disappears from the web as it becomes obsolete (e.g. out of date news postings) New information may be extremely current but short lived (breaking news, ....

Sean Luke, Lee Spector, David Rager, and James Hendler. Ontology-based web agents. In AA-97.

....that also treats the main focus of this paper: how to build an ontology automatically from distributed and heterogeneous websites that contain software repositories. Among those that can be related somehow, we mention some of them. In [9] they use Yahoo [25] categories to describe documents. In [13] they propose to extend HTML in order to annotate pages with terms from a concrete ontology. Finally, in [14] they use an ontology managed by an agent to resolve knowledge disparities that may occur when heterogeneous information sources must interact. In the rest of the paper, we rst explain ....

S. Luke, L. Spector, and D. Rager. Ontology-based Web agents. In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Autonomous Agents, 1997.

....the term ontology commonly refers to the content based organizational structures employed by site providers, in order to organize their contents and to provide browsing and retrieval services, e.g. the Yahoo s subject hierarchy. Recently, more structured ontologies are employed for meta tagging ([18], 29] However note that the structuring of many available ontologies resembles to the structure of the ontologies presented in this paper. Also note that our ontologies are quite simple thus they can be understood, generated and maintained by average users. Note that the bookmarks facility of ....

Sean Luke, Lee Spector, David Rager, and Jim Hendler. Ontology-based Web Agents". In Proceedings of First International Conference on Autonomous Agents, 1997. (http://www.cs.umd.edu/projects/plus/SHOE/).

....of Hendler s publications, since we can never be sure if we have seen all of them; instead, we give the search a time limit, and return the latest paper we have found in that time. We assumewe have access to DAML annotatedpublication lists; the following is a description of a 1997 paper on SHOE ([5]) of which Hendler is a co author. pub:author Sean Luke pub:author pub:author Lee Spector pub:author pub:author David Rager pub:author pub:author James Hendler pub:author Ontology based Web Agents Proceedings of the First International Conference on ....

S. Luke, L. Spector, D. Rager, and J. Hendler. Ontology-based web agents. In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Autonomous Agents (Agents97), New York, NY, US, 1997. Association for Computing Machinery.

....references, and all the problems sketched in the introduction. The approaches from this line of research that are closest to CREAM is the SHOE Knowledge Annotator # . The SHOE Knowledge Annotator is a Java program that allows users to mark up webpages with the SHOE ontology. The SHOE system [17] de nes additional tags that can be embedded in the body of HTML pages. The Knowledge Annotater is less user friendly compared with our implementation Ont O Mat. It shows the ontology in some textual lists, whereas Ont O Mat gives a graphical visualization of the ontologies. Furthermore, in SHOE ....

S. Luke, L. Spector, D. Rager, and J. Hendler. Ontology-based Web Agents. In Proceedings of First International ConferenceonAutonomous Agents, 1997.

....entities, schema browsing, schema similarity. In an advanced view, Schema Robots can be then regarded as browsable, similarity based hypertexts of schemata, providing information about Web sites, or used by specialized agents as a source of meta information for reasoning about Web sites content [LSRH97] This also means that Schema Robots need not be all equal; for instance, communicating Domain Schema Robots might form a partitioned distributed repository of all known schemas on the Net, while 4 Query Manager Presentation Manager Query Editor Schema Robot Manager Query Remote Local ....

S. Luke, L. Spector, D. Rager, J. Hendler. Ontology-based Web agents. In Proc. of the First International Conference on Autonomous Agents New York, 1997.

....search engines to rely only on rough document contents, and to make no assumption on the structure and above all on the semantics of data. A number of models and proposals exist, that try to compensate these deficiencies by dealing in different ways with the representation of site semantics (W3QL [KS95] WebLog [LSS96] TSIMMIS [GMH97] RDF [RDF97] some of these approaches rely on an explicit notion of schema (WGLog [DT97] Araneus [AMM 97] future versions of RDF) 1.1 Principles and Grounding Ideas A preliminary observation is that the Web can be effectively described by following the ....

S. Luke L. Spector, D.Rager, J.Hendler. Ontology-based Web agents. In Proc. of the First International Conference on Autonomous Agents, New York, 1997.

.... Note that, in a sophisticated view of the interaction with Schema Robots, these can be regarded as browsable, similarity based hypertexts of schemata, providing information about Web sites, or used by specialized agents as a source of meta information for reasoning about Web sites content [LSRH97] Although in this paper we shall not deal with site classification issues, it is worthwhile to remark that Schema Robots need not be all equal; for instance, communicating domain schema robots might form a partitioned distributed repository of all known schemata on the Net, while category schema ....

Sean Luke, Lee Spector, David Rager, and James Hendler. Ontology-based web agents. In W. Lewis Johnson, editor, Proceedings of the First International Conference on Autonomous Agents, New York, 1997. ACM Press.

....language, schema browsing, schema similarity. In an advanced view, Mediators can be regarded as browsable, similarity based hypertexts of schemata, providing information about Web sites, or used by specialized agents as a source of meta information for reasoning about Web sites content [LSRH97] Following a pattern based approach [MM97] in order to achieve effective functional decomposition we designed our Mediator as composed by two main modules: 1. a Naming service, exploiting the URL namespace to provide schemata representing content of Web sites whose URL is known to the ....

S. Luke, L. Spector, D. Rager, J. Hendler. Ontology-based Web agents. In Proc. of the First International Conference on Autonomous Agents New York, 1997.

....search engines to rely only on rough document contents, and to make no assumption on the structure and above all on the semantics of data. A number of models and proposals exist, that try to compensate these deficiencies by dealing in different ways with the representation of site semantics (W3QL [KS95] WebLog [LSS96] TSIMMIS [GMH97] RDF [RDF97] some of these approaches rely on an explicit notion of schema (WGLog [DT97] Araneus [AMM 97] future versions of RDF) We describe a prototype environment based on WG Log, a graph oriented query and data description language for Web sites, ....

S. Luke L. Spector, D.Rager, J.Hendler. Ontology-based Web agents. In Proc. of the First International Conference on Autonomous Agents, New York, 1997.

....the semantics of already available data. The same piece of data (i.e. Richards Benjamins ) that is rendered by a browser is given a semantics saying that this ascii string provides the name of a researcher. This is a significant difference between our approach and approaches like SHOE 8 [Luke et al. 1997], RDF [Lassila Swick,1999] and annotations used in information retrieval. In Ontobroker, a frame based approach has been chosen for the annotation language corresponding to the kind of language used for representing the ontology. Three primitives are provided to annotate web documents : An ....

....a frame based approach has been chosen for the annotation language corresponding to the kind of language used for representing the ontology. Three primitives are provided to annotate web documents : An object can be defined as an instance of a certain class. 8. SHOE (cf. Luke et al. 1996] [Luke et al. 1997]) introduced the idea of using ontologies for annotating web sources. There are two main differences to Ontobroker. First, the annotation language is not used to annotate existing information in web pages, but to add additional information and annotate them. That is, in SHOE information must be ....

S. Luke, L. Spector, D. Rager, and J. Hendler. Ontology-based Web agents. In First International Conference on Autonomous Agents (AA'97), 1997.

....Ontobroker offers formalisms for the formulation of requests, and enables representation of ontologies and ontological annotation of HTML documents. It consists of three elements: a request interface, a search engine (Ontocrawler) an inference engine. SHOE (Simple HTML Ontology Extension) [18] is a tool of search for information on the Web, relying on an extension of HTML grammar so as to allow creation and use of ontologies. SHOE aims at the semantic organization of the documents in addition to their simple textual arrangement. It has an inference engine. Marri [29] is a ....

....as a database. It is possible to rely on standardized markups to search information in a structured way. Moreover, the database community is currently integrating XML with database technology and search languages (cf. XML QL [10] Annotation with metadata. In the spirit of RDF [16] Shoe [18] and OntoBroker [13] it is possible to annotate a document with metadata which describe in an abstract and synthetic way what the document is about, according to predefined standard ontologies. Semantic markup. It is also possible to markup parts of the text document with tags the semantics of ....

S. Luke, L. Spector, D. Rager, J. Hendler. Ontology-based Web Agents. In Proc. of the First Int. Conference on Autonomous Agents, (1997).

....and to integrate it later on with a good adequacy with the corporate culture. The CoMMA project is innovative by its approach to corporate KM (XML MAS MLT) There exists very recent studies on the use of ontologies in order to guide information retrieval from the Web: Ontobroker [6] Shoe [11], WebKB [12] It is also one basis of the OntoKnowledge IST project. But CoMMA will rely on the enterprise model and on the user models to retrieve information from the CM. It is close to the process oriented approach proposed in [1] where the KM system exploits a model of the corporate work ....

S. Luke, L. Spector, D. Rager, J. Hendler. Ontology-based Web Agents. In Proc. of the First Int. Conference on Autonomous Agents, 1997.

....semanticweb.org someone can access the system with the URL http: crit.org http: semanticweb.org. The approach closest to OntoAnnotate is the SHOE Knowledge Annotator 6 . The Knowledge Annotator is a Java program that allows users to mark up web pages with the SHOE ontology. The SHOE system [14] defines additional tags that can be embedded in the body of HTML pages. In SHOE there is no direct relationship between the new tags and the original text of the page, i.e. SHOE tags are not annotations in a strict sense. According to the above mentioned classification OntoAnnotate follows the ....

S. Luke, L. Spector, D. Rager, and J. Hendler. Ontology-based Web agents. In W. L. Johnson, editor, Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Autonomous Agents, pages 59--66. ACM, 1997.

....LIA and the Army Strategic and Advanced Computing Center Data Warehouse. The prototypical system currently mediates among four representative data sources. We will continue to develop techniques to update and interface new data sources with applicable standards, data dictionaries, and ontologies [10]. While our initial priority was to visually summarize and enable drill down through the heterogeneous data, we envision a unified framework that will also encompass multimedia and GIS data sources provided later. 3.2 Required HERMES Domains LOGTAADS and Oracle. Once we amassed the project ....

Luke, S., et al., Ontology-based Web Agents. Proceedings of First International Conference on Autonomous Agents 1997, AA-97.

....content in a formal framework with precisely defined semantics, such as a database or a semantic network. The use of meta information to customize or optimize web sites has been explored in a number of projects (see, for example, XML annotations [9] Apple s Meta Content Format, and other projects [6, 11]) One example of this approach is the STRUDEL web site management system [6] which attempts to separate the information available at a web site from its graphical presentation. Instead of manipulating web sites at the level of pages and links, web sites may be specified using STRUDEL s ....

S. Luke, L. Spector, D. Rager, and J. Hendler. Ontology-based web agents. In Proc. First Intl. Conf. Autonomous Agents, 1997.

....to allow for comfortable access and knowledge intensive usage of data and information embedded in HTML pages annotated with ontological information. Numerous other approaches propose formal ontologies to ease nding of and access to data and semistructured information in HTML pages and databases [Luke et al. 1997]. If one understands an information retrieval process as a similarity assessment between query situation and document description, both the CBR and the KBS point of view come together (except for the solution transformation, which is often neglected in practical applications) Further, if one ....

.... languages (of which Ontolingua is the most prominent one [Gruber, 1993] most researchers concerned with ontology based retrieval nevertheless used their own representation formats, e.g. Frame Logic for the sake of powerful inferences [Fensel et al. 1998] SHOE for the sake of ecient reasoning [Luke et al. 1997], or CKML (the Conceptual Knowledge Markup Language) for the sake of adequate modeling primitives and compliance with de facto standards for the Web and document description [Kent and Neuss, 1996] It might also be noticed that most of these languages were not originally built for knowledge ....

S. Luke, L. Spector, D. Rager, and J. Hendler. Ontology-based web agents. In Proc. of First Int'l Conf. on Autonomous Agents, AA-97, 1997.

....solving task) This is the step in which the HTML files are processed; semantics are manually or automatically added to the files. Currently, we make use of no automatic tool to solve this problem, using instead manual insertion of tags from the Simple Html Ontologies Extensions Language [10]. 6 At this step, each file that each agent holds is processed, and SHOE like semantics are added to them. An ontology file describing the world of the agents is also built. The semantics added to the agents knowledge include also the operators the agents will use in the third step. If the ....

....an organization based multiagent planner in Java. The specific agent organization with which we worked emerged after running the algorithm presented in Section 2; the domain the organization was formed over consists of HTML documents. We also add semantics to the agents files based on SHOE [10]. Each agent is implemented as a Java thread, allowing each agent to be autonomous. The language in which the user poses his queries is also based on the relations described in the SHOE based ontology file [5] We define a general agent class, and then two more specific agents that inherit from ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

S. Luke, L. Spector, D. Rager, and J. Hendler. Ontology-based web agents. In Proceedings of AA97, Marina del Rey, Feb. 1997.

....from those of Pirolli et al. but common to both approaches is the central importance of vector based text similarity and hyperlink connectivity. 8.4 Extracting Knowledge Bases from the Web Other groups have worked on extracting propositional knowledge base information from the Web. Luke et al. [39] have proposed an extension to HTML called SHOE whereby Web page authors can encode ontological information on their pages. The have also developed a system, Expose, that extracts SHOEencoded information from Web pages, and stores it in a local knowledge base. Their hope is that a library of ....

S. Luke, L. Spector, D. Rager, and J. Hendler. Ontology-based Web agents. In W. L. Johnson, editor, Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Autonomous Agents, pages 59--66. ACM, 1997.

....such as a database or a semantic network. The use of meta information to customize or optimize Web sites has been explored in a number of projects (see, for M. Perkowitz, O. Etzioni Artificial Intelligence 118 (2000) 245 275 251 example, XML [16] Apple s Meta Content Format, and other projects [9,19]) One example of this approach is the STRUDEL Web site management system [9] which attempts to separate the information available at a Web site from its graphical presentation. Instead of manipulating Web sites at the level of pages and links, Web sites may be specified using STRUDEL s ....

S. Luke, L. Spector, D. Rager, J. Hendler, Ontology-based Web agents, in: Proc. First Internat. Conference Autonomous Agents, Marina del Rey, CA, 1997.

....van Harmelen Department of AI Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Frank.van.Harmelen cs.vu. nl The Semantic Web as the new habitat for agents Currently, the Web is the largest available environment for the deployment of agents, and much work in agent research is driven by Web based applications ([Luke et al. 1997, Joachims et al. 1997, Bollacker et al. 1998, Doorenbos et al. 1997] are just some examples; see also the May 2000 special issue of the Artificial Intelligence Journal on Intelligent Internet Systems, vol. 118, no 1 2) However, such applications of agent technology are hampered by the fact ....

Luke, S., Spector, L., Rager, D., and Hendler, J. (1997). Ontology-based web agents. In Johnson, W. L. and Hayes-Roth, B., editors, Proceedings of the First International Conference on Autonomous Agents (Agents'97), pages 59--68, Marina del Rey, CA, USA. ACM Press.

....anyknowledge base attempting to describe it could ever be complete. In an attempt to deal with these issues, wehave designed a language named SHOE, for Simple HTML Ontology Extensions. SHOE is one of the first languages that allows ontologies to be designed and used directly on the World Wide Web [25]. In this paper we describe work that influenced SHOE, present an overview of the language, describe its syntax and semantics, and discuss how SHOE addresses the issues posed in this introduction. We then discuss the problem of implementing a system that uses SHOE, describe some tools that enhance ....

S. Luke, L. Spector, D. Rager, and J. Hendler, Ontology-based Web Agents, in: Proceedings of the First International ConferenceonAutonomous Agents (Association of Computing Machinery,NewYork, NY, 1997) 59-66.

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Sean Luke, Lee Spector, David Rager, and Jim Hendler. Ontology-based Web Agents". In Proceedings of First International Conference on Autonomous Agents, 1997. (http://www.cs.umd.edu/projects/plus/SHOE/).

No context found.

S. Luke, L. Spector, D. Rager, and J. Hendler. "Ontology-based Web Agents". In Procs of 1st Int. Conf. on Autonomous Agents, 1997.

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S. Luke, L. Spector, D. Rager, and J. Hendler. "Ontologybased Web Agents". In Proceedings of First International Conference on Autonomous Agents, 1997. (http://www.cs.umd.edu/projects/plus/SHOE/).

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Sean Luke, Lee Spector, David Rager, and Jim Hendler. Ontology-based Web Agents. In Proceedings of First International Conference on Autonomous Agents (AA-97), 1997.

No context found.

S. Luke, L. Spector, D. Rager, and J. Hendler. "Ontologybased Web Agents". In Proceedings of First International Conference on Autonomous Agents, 1997. (http://www.cs.umd.edu/projects/plus/SHOE/).

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S. Luke, L. Spector, D. Rager, and J. Hendler. Ontology-based Web Agents. In W.L. Johnson, editor, Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Autonomous Agents(AA'97), pages 59-- 66. ACM, 1997.

No context found.

S. Luke, L. Spector, D. Rager, and J. Hendler. "Ontologybased Web Agents". In Proceedings of First International Conference on Autonomous Agents, 1997. (http://www.cs.umd.edu/projects/plus/SHOE/).

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S. Luke, L. Spector, D. Rager, and J. Hendler. Ontology-based Web Agents. In W.L. Johnson, editor, In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Autonomous Agents (AutonomousAgents97), New York, Association for Computing Machinery, pages 59--66, 1997.

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Luke S., Spector L., Rager D., Hendler J. Ontology-Based Web Agents. In Proceedings of First International Conference on Autonomous Agents (AutonomousAgents97), W. L. Johnson (ed.), New York: Association for Computing Machinery, pp 5966, 1997.

No context found.

S. Luke, L. Spector, D. Rager, and J. Hendler. Ontology-based Web agents. In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Autonomous Agents, pages 59--66. ACM, 1997.

No context found.

S. Luke, L. Spector, D. Rager, and J. Hendler. "Ontology-based Web Agents". In Procs of 1st Int. Conf. on Autonomous Agents, 1997.

No context found.

S. Luke, L. Spector, D. Rager and J. Hendler. Ontology-Based Web Agents. In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Autonomous Agents (AA'97), 1997.

No context found.

Luke, S.; Spector, L.; Rager, D.; and Hendler, J. Ontology-based Web Agents. In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Autonomous Agents, 59-66. New York, NY: Association of Computing Machinery (1997).

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