Paivio, A., & Csapo, K. (1973). Picture superiority in free recall: Imagery or dual coding? Cognitive Psychology, 5, 176-206.  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....as well. The superiority of providing verbal presentations (versus pictorial presentations) to help people learn verbal information is not consistent. Sometimes simple pictorial information is verbally recalled better than simple verbal information. For example, Paivio (1967, 1975, 1991; Paivio Csapo, 1973) successively presented simple concrete items that included repeated pictures and repeated words. The pictures were easy to verbally label (e.g. chair ) People verbally recalled more successively repeated pictures than successively repeated words. Paivio believes that this is because people ....

....1976; Paivio, Rogers, Smythe, 1968) and may be because pictures access semantic meaning more quickly and completely than words (Smith Magee, 1980; Nelson, 1979) Providing pictures with verbal information also improves verbal learning performance. Pictures improved the recall of textual (Paivio Csapo, 1973) or auditory (Severin, 1967) words, the recall and comprehension of textual passages (Levie Lentz, 1982; Nugent, 1982) the recall of auditory passages (Barrow Westley, 1959; Beagles Roos Gat, 1983; Levin Lesgold, 1978; Meringoff, 1980; Nugent, 1982) the recall of a story s structure ....

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Paivio, A., & Csapo, K. (1973). Picture superiority in free recall: Imagery or dual coding? Cognitive Psychology, 5, 176-206.

....in the environment. Information can be processed through both channels. This occurs, for example, when a person sees a picture of a dog and also processes the word dog. Information processed through both channels has an additive effect on recall (Mayer Anderson, 1991; Paivio, 1967, 1991; Paivio Csapo, 1973), possibly because the learner creates more cognitive paths that can be followed to retrieve the information. Empirical multimedia studies support this idea. For example, Severin (1967) found that animal name recognition accuracy was highest when learners were presented the names via simultaneous ....

....at a time, 2) the same sentence twice in succession, or (3) the sentence with a related illustration. A cued recall test using short questions about the stories formed by the sentences found that learning was best with the sentence illustration combination rather than the repeated sentences. Paivio and Csapo (1973) presented words and pictures in a random sequence that included presenting (1) a word twice, 2) a pictorial representation of the word twice, or (3) the word once and the picture once. A free recall test found that learning was best when the word and picture were each presented once. The results ....

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Paivio, A., & Csapo, K. (1973). Picture superiority in free recall: Imagery or dual coding? Cognitive Psychology, 5, 176-206.

....Therefore, assuming that pictures are more likely to be dually encoded than Christopher Hundhausen Page 12 words which Paivio does (Kobayashi 1986, p. 784) we should be able to remember pictures better than words, since there exist redundant, additive encodings of them. In (Paivio 1975) and (Paivio Csapo 1973), the authors offer a rather convincing empirical case for the dual coding of pictures. They show that presentation of a pictorial representation of an item and presentation of a verbal representation of the same concept have independent and additive effects on recall, unlike picture picture or ....

Paivio A., & Csapo, K. (1973). Picture superiority in free recall: Imagery or dual coding? Cognitive Psychology 5, 176--206.

....words. The other channel processes nonverbal information such as illustrations and sounds. When information is processed through both the verbal and pictorial channels, recall is better than when information is processed through only one channel (e.g. Mayer Anderson, 1991; Paivio, 1967, 1991; Paivio Csapo, 1973). The dual coding theory is supported by a wide variety of studies (e.g. Clark Paivio, 1991; Mayer Anderson, 1991; Paivio, 1967, 1971, 1986, 1991; Paivio Csapo, 1973; Paivio Foth, 1970) For example, Paivio and Csapo (1973) presented words and pictures in a random sequence that included ....

.... is better than when information is processed through only one channel (e.g. Mayer Anderson, 1991; Paivio, 1967, 1991; Paivio Csapo, 1973) The dual coding theory is supported by a wide variety of studies (e.g. Clark Paivio, 1991; Mayer Anderson, 1991; Paivio, 1967, 1971, 1986, 1991; Paivio Csapo, 1973; Paivio Foth, 1970) For example, Paivio and Csapo (1973) presented words and pictures in a random sequence that included presenting (1) a word twice, 2) a pictorial representation of the word twice, or (3) the word once and the picture once. A free recall test found that learning was best ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Paivio, A., & Csapo, K. (1973). Picture superiority in free recall: Imagery or dual coding? Cognitive Psychology, 5, 176-206.

....Information can be processed through both the verbal and nonverbal (e.g. pictorial) channels. This occurs, for example, when a person sees a picture of a dog and also processes the word dog. Information processed through both channels has an additive effect on recall (Mayer Anderson, 1991; Paivio Csapo, 1973), possibly because the learner has more cognitive paths that can be followed to retrieve the information. Paivio (1967, 1991) calls this expectation the additivity hypothesis. For example, information that uses text and relevant illustrations (verbal and pictorial channel) will likely be learned ....

....media. A cued recall test using short questions about the 7 stories formed by the sentences found that learning was best with the sentence illustration combination. So, learning was better in the dual (verbal and pictorial) media condition than in the repetition condition. In a related study, Paivio and Csapo (1973) presented words and pictures in a random sequence that included presenting (1) a word twice, 2) a pictorial representation of the word twice, or (3) the word once and the picture once. So, this study included conditions in which the information was repeated using the same medium (verbal or ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Paivio, A., & Csapo, K. (1973). Picture superiority in free recall: Imagery or dual coding? Cognitive Psychology, 5, 176-206.

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