Goldsmith, J. (1990). Autosegmental and Metrical Phonology. Blackwell, Oxford, UK.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....this has long been one of the assumptions in linguistics too, the idea that speech can be phonologically represented as a sequence of discrete entities (the absolute slicing hypothesis , as formulated in [35: pp.16 17] has proved to be untenable. In non linear, autosegmental phonology [35, 36] an analysis has been proposed in which different features are placed on different tiers. The various tiers represent the parallel activities of the articulators in speech, which do not necessarily begin and end simultaneously. In turn the tiers are connected by association lines. In this ....

Goldsmith, J.A., 1990. Autosegmental and Metrical Phonology. Oxford: Blackwell.

.... Cognitive Sciences Chukyo University 101 Tokodate, Kaizu cho Toyota, 470 03 Japan miyatasccs. chukyo u. ac. j p Report CU CS 628 92, Computer Science Department, University of Colorado at Boulder Report 92 16, Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado at Boulder November 14, 1992 This research has been supported by NSF grants IRI 8609599, ECE 8617947, IST 8609599, BNS 9016806, and DBS 9209265; by the Sloan Foundation s computational neuroscience program; by the Optical Connectionist Machine Program of the University of Colorado Center for Optoelectronic Computing ....

....to lexical class; b) the string is parsed into phrases; and (c) semantic structures capturing various aspects of the string s meaning are included. 2This principle is conceptuMly related to ideas applying Harmony Theory to linguistics which have beeu proposed in Goldsmith s harmonic phonology [14, 16] and Lakoff s cognitive phonology [25, 26] although the formal development described here has no counterpart in either Lakoff s or Goldsmith s work to date. I I (6) a. The well formedness of a linguistic structure is measured by the Harmony of that structure. b. Descriptively, the grammar ....

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John A. Goldsmith. Autosegmental and Metrical Phonology. Bsil Blackwell, Oxford, 1990.

....are enriched with information about syllable boundaries. Together, this information is used in order to synchronise features within identical syllable boundaries. Syllables are thus defined as parallel stretches of feature value sequences, similar to descriptions in non linear phonology (c.f. e.g. [5, 6]) However, no attempt is made to characterise the precise temporal alignment of individual feature values. The result of feature synchronisation is a sequence of temporally underspecified syllable templates. The reason for choosing syllables rather than phonemes or words as synchronisation units ....

J. Goldsmith. Autosegmental and Metrical Phonology. Blackwell, Oxford, 1990.

....syllables. What counts as a heavy or a light syllable may differ across languages in which such a distinction is present, but, most commonly, a heavy syllable is one that can be characterized as having a branching rime, and a light syllable can be characterized as having a non branching rime. Goldsmith 90, page 113] Languages that involve such a distinction (between heavy and light syllables, i.e. between the weight of syllables) are termed quantity sensitive, and languages that do not, quantity insensitive. Note that, in quantity insensitive languages, syllables can occur both with and without ....

....about syllable structure, and in particular, to the structure of the syllable rime, and not the syllable onset. We follow this assumption 1 . Thus rime structure is taken to be the basic level at which accounts of stress systems are formulated. For an overview of metrical theory, see [Goldsmith 90, chapter 4] Kaye 89, pp. 139 145] van der Hulst 82] or [Dresher 90, pp. 1 8] Stress patterns are controlled by metrical structures built on top of rime structures. The version of metrical structure adopted here is metrical feet. We assume the parameters formulated by Dresher Kaye ....

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Goldsmith, J., Autosegmental and Metrical Phonology, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, England, 1990.

.... is based upon the claim that the Obligatory Contour Principle (OCP) prohibits adjacent identical elements in autosegmental representations (Leben 1973, Goldsmith 1979) The OCP has been applied to Arabic in two distinct ways using linguistic representations formalized in autosegmental phonology (Goldsmith 1979, 1994). It is applied as stated to mark as ill formed any Arabic verbal root which contains a sequence repeated identical consonants (McCarthy 1979, 1986) In addition, it is applied within the feature geometric tier of place of articulation features (McCarthy 1988, 1994) to mark as ill formed any root ....

....of OCP Place effects by McCarthy or by FBP. 5. 2 OCP Effects in Autosegmental Phonology McCarthy (1986, 1988, 1994) and others (Mester 1986, Padgett 1995a, Yip 1988) have attempted to formalize the cooccurrence restrictions in the Arabic verbal roots using the notation of autosegmental phonology (Goldsmith 1979, 1994). In autosegmental phonology, representations are split into separate levels, called tiers. McCarthy showed that the nonconcatenative morphology of Arabic can be represented by separating the vowels and consonants of the word form onto separate tiers. Thus, a form like kutib to be written is ....

Goldsmith, J. (1994). Autosegmental and metrical phonology. Cambridge: Basil Blackwell.

....treatment is omitted for rea# sons of space. Despite its simplicity# OTP appears capable of capturing virtually all analyses found in the #phonological# OT literature. 2. 1 Repns# Representations in OTP To represent #mp## OTP uses not the autosegmental representation in #4a# #Goldsmith# 1976# Goldsmith# 1990# but rather the simpli#ed autosegmental rep# resentation in #4b## which has no association lines. Similarly #5a# is replaced by #5b#. The central rep# resentational notion is that of a constituent time# line# an in#nitely divisible line along on which con# stituents are laid out. Every ....

Goldsmith# John. 1990. Autosegmental and metrical phonology. Oxford# Blackwell Publishers.

.... avoiding (for example) alternating [ CONT] CONT] CONT] or [ VOI] VOI] VOI] sequences (see Kirchner 1998 and Keer 1999 for recent OT analyses of lenition) Also related is a tonal plateauing process in KiHunde that changes High Low High vowel sequences into High High High sequences (see Goldsmith 1990: 36) Inserting AGREE(ATR ) between #NO( HI, ATR) and AGREE(ATR) in the Wolof hierarchy switches the high vowels from transparent to opaque. In the diagram below we show the interaction between the two highestranked constraints, AGREE(ATR ) and #NO( HI, ATR) which fully determines the ....

Goldsmith, John. 1990. Autosegmental and Metrical Phonology. Cambridge: Basil Blackwell.

....function of licensing which is to be elaborated on in a later section. 4 Another e ect of licensing is that it supports the b maintenance of melodic material in a position. This is what many researchers who talk about phonological licensing assume under the heading autosegmental licensing (Goldsmith, 1990; Harris, 1994) The priority of V positions in phonological representations is manifest in the fact that they are inherently licensed. All V positions may license unless their inherent nature is destroyed by some external in uence. Whether C positions are capable of d 4 To anticipate: this type ....

Goldsmith, John A. (1990). Autosegmental and metrical phonology. Oxford: Blackwell.

....a. vocalicness is inherently loud : Vs aim at being pronounced b. consonantalness is inherently mute: Cs aim at remaining silent note: the prototypical C is a stop, a brief period of silence, also cf. Dependency Phonology c. supports the expression of the melodic elements of the target (cf. Goldsmith, 1990; Harris, 1994; Sgral Scheer, 1998, 1999) d. destroys the inherent nature of the target (i.e. a C becomes louder if governed, a V loses its loudness if governed) 5) Relations a. The direction of government and licensing is uniformly and universally right to left b. licensing i. Vs are ....

Goldsmith, John A. (1990). Autosegmental and metrical phonology. Oxford: Blackwell.

.... then priority is given to the focal H which is the only underlying tonal component realized PPh finally in the read speech being modelled (1c) Tones not associated with (or delinked from) segments are not realized phonetically following conventions within autosegmental phonology [8]. The rules thus generate a number of contextual variants of the underlying word accent representations as assumed in [9] 1) ten.den.sen H L H a) the tendency [Accent 1] New] b) poj.ken the boy [Accent 1] New] H L H c) svag weak [Accent 1] New] HL H The ....

Goldsmith, J. Autosegmental and metrical phonology. Blackwell, Oxford, 1990.

....for dynamic combination computation. 11 Nonlocality N O one would be satisfied with a proposal for computational phonology which had principled difficulty in dealing with global or action at a distance phenomena. This has been the foremost area of interest in Autosegmental Phonology (AP, Goldsmith 1990). AP received its primary motivation from the lucid analysis of tonal phenomena, where tonebearing units are not coextensive with segments, but tones nevertheless interact as if they were adjacent. Instead of presenting another case study for tone, a generic way to make arbitrary non adjacent ....

Goldsmith, J. (1990): Autosegmental and Metrical Phonology. Basil Blackwell, Oxford.

....(including allophonic and phonemic changes) Before we describe our computing system design and implementation, it is essential to review some basic theories relevant to our questions and the problem at hand. 3 Theoretical Foundations The autosegmental phonologic theory presented in (J. A. Goldsmith, 1990) and (J. Harris, 1994) provides us with a framework for describing feature assimilation at the abstract level. Autosegmental phonology first requires a linearly arranged segment string as the input. This segment string is put at a tier named melodic tier. Secondly, it requires the existence of ....

J. A. Goldsmith: "Autosegmental and metrical phonology " Blackwell, 1990.

....Thai and Mandarin should be considered as single units, others (e.g. Duanmu 1994; Gandour 1974; Leben 1973; Woo 1969; Yip, 1991) treat them as sequences of high and low targets. The more recent trend seems to favor the sequence account due to the advancement of autosegmental and metrical phonology (Goldsmith 1979, 1990). In that theoretical framework, because tones are placed on a different tier from the segmental tier, and various rules are devised to associate tones with segmental units, many reported complex tonal phenomena can be represented systematically if all tones are treated as consisting of simple ....

Goldsmith, J. A. 1990. Autosegmental and Metrical Phonology. Blackwell Publishers, Oxford.

.... 1968, Smith 1973) More modern theories have recast these ideas within a variety of other frameworks, for example Optimality Theory (Prince Smolensky 1993) as well as expanding the domain of phonological constituency to include increasingly more abstract units, as in autosegmental phonology (Goldsmith 1990) and feature geometry (Clements 1985, Sagey 1986) Nevertheless, these approaches are faithful to many of the original theories in the generative tradition, such as the assumption that children are born with a relatively extensive amount of phonological knowledge. One principal tenet that is ....

Goldsmith, J. (1990). Autosegmental and metrical phonology. Cambridge MA: Basil Blackwell.

....If the language sciences agree on one thing, it is the hierarchical nature of language. The importance of hierarchical, structured representations is now generally recognized for the phonological pole, where syllables and metrical units now play a major role (see, e.g. Frazier (1987) and Goldsmith (1990)) as well as for the syntactic semantic pole of language and language processing. The major reason for believing in structured representations is the significance of structure sensitive operations in language processing. A semantic inference rule may need to know where the subject of a clause is; ....

Goldsmith, J. (1990). Autosegmental and Metrical Phonology. Basil Blackwell, Cambridge, MA.

....Both word internal and sandhi 2 rules are supported, and the system allows (if feature trees or matrices are used) phonemes to be underspecified, with trees or matrices being built up before, during, and after rule application. Some language specific parameters relating to tones may be specified (Goldsmith 1990, page 18 19) and the system automatically observes the association convention (Goldsmith 1990, pages 11 19) conditions against line crossing (Goldsmith 1990, page 47) and conjunctions against connecting segments which do not freely associate (Goldsmith 1990, pages 45 46) The user specifies ....

....matrices are used) phonemes to be underspecified, with trees or matrices being built up before, during, and after rule application. Some language specific parameters relating to tones may be specified (Goldsmith 1990, page 18 19) and the system automatically observes the association convention (Goldsmith 1990, pages 11 19) conditions against line crossing (Goldsmith 1990, page 47) and conjunctions against connecting segments which do not freely associate (Goldsmith 1990, pages 45 46) The user specifies freely associating segments. In order to utilize the system, the user must first specify the ....

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Goldsmith, J. A. 1990. Autosegmental and Metrical Phonology. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell, Inc.

....voicing after nasals than after other sonorants, a pattern that has been observed anecdotally in a number of other languages. 1. 6 Stressed vowel lengthening Substantial lengthening of stressed vowels is often treated as phonological (e.g. Ilokano, Pacific Yupik, Selayarese, Swedish, etc see Goldsmith 1990:157ff. Hayes 1995:82ff. for overviews) e.g. as a consequence of constraints on foot structure (Hayes 1995) However lengthening of stressed vowels is also ubiquitous on a smaller scale that cannot easily be represented in moraic terms 3 . 2 Unified analyses of parallel phonetic and ....

Goldsmith, John (1990). Autosegmental and Metrical Phonology. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

....Kiliwa, Korean, Leti, Lithuanian, Tagalog, Tiberian Hebrew, Rotuman, Sierra Miwok, Yagua, and Zoque. See Webb 1974 and Ultan 1976 for comprehensive surveys of alleged metathesis rules; also Chomsky Halle 1968, Thompson Thompson 1969, Langdon 1976, Kenstowicz Kisseberth 1979, Besnier 1987, Goldsmith 1990, Hume 1995 (citing van der Hulst and van Engelenhoven 1994) for examples and discussion of particular languages. With one exception, the rules described do not meet our criteria they are morphological, or nonproductive, or diachronic, or interdialectal, or they destroy their own triggering ....

Goldsmith, John A. 1990. Autosegmental and metrical phonology. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell.

....a greater number of contrasts being permitted in stressed syllables. Thus reduction rules neutralize contrasts in unstressed syllables, and deletion eliminates all contrasts in a position. This hypothesis concerning the role of stress can be reformulated in terms of licensing (Steriade 1993, cf. Goldsmith 1990): 41) Stress only affects segmental material through licensing conditions of the following form: F] must be licensed by membership in the head syllable of a foot word. Unlicensed features are automatically delinked, giving rise to alternations. For example, the licensing conditions for ....

Goldsmith, John A. (1990) Autosegmental and Metrical Phonology. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

.... problem of how to reconcile medial gemination in Measure II with left to right mapping in biliteral verbs (samam) and Measure IX (fSalal) This has been very much a vexed question in the literature, with different proposals offered by, among others, Broselow (1984) Farley (1987) Farwaneh (1990) Goldsmith (1990), Hoberman (1988) Levin (1983) Lowenstamm Kaye (1986) McCarthy and Prince (1990b) and Yip (1988) In summary, the evidence makes a strong case for the plausibility of the affixational analysis of the Arabic verb. Since the affixational analysis is actually forced on us by the comparison ....

Goldsmith, John (1990) Autosegmental and Metrical Phonology, Basil Blackwell, Oxford.

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Goldsmith, J. (1990). Autosegmental and Metrical Phonology. Blackwell, Oxford, UK.

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J.A. Goldsmith. Autosegmental and Metrical Phonology. Oxford: Blackwell, 1990.

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Goldsmith, J. A. 1990. Autosegmental and Metrical Phonology. Oxford, England: Basil Blackwell.

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John A. Goldsmith. 1990. Autosegmental and Metrical Phonology. Blackwell, Cambridge.

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Goldsmith, J. 1991. Autosegmental and Metrical Phonology , Blackwell, London.

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