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....implementations. Early work [3, 9] emphasized the modular construction of protocol processing stacks for exibility and extensibility. Many later papers have discussed the decomposition of complex protocols into ###############, either for reusability, customization, and ease of programming [1, 5, 8, 6], or to improve protocol processing performance using parallelism [2, 10] Here micro protocols roughly correspond to our roles (as abstractions) or to our actors (as a protocol processing modules) see [1] for example. Some of these papers suggest generalizations from strict layering, but their ....

S. O'Malley and L. Peterson. A Dynamic Network Architecture. ### ###### ##### ####, 10(2):11-143, May 1992.

....implementations. Early work [3, 9] emphasized the modular construction of protocol processing stacks for exibility and extensibility. Many later papers have discussed the decomposition of complex protocols into micro protocols, either for reusability, customization, and ease of programming [1, 5, 8, 6], or to improve protocol processing performance using parallelism [2, 10] Here micro protocols roughly correspond to our roles (as abstractions) or to our actors (as a protocol processing modules) see [1] for example. Some of these papers suggest generalizations from strict layering, but their ....

S. O'Malley and L. Peterson. A Dynamic Network Architecture. ACM Trans. Comp. Sys., 10(2):11-143, May 1992.

....small) family of solutions, although optimizations can often be done on a per object basis. Also related to our work are systems that can dynamically change their internal composition. Such exibility has been deployed in many domains. Flexible group communication systems, such as the x kernel [25] and Horus [36] split protocols into elementary modules that can be composed together to obtain required features. The same principle has been applied for building routers [17] network trac analyzers [27] and so on. However, there are relatively few replication systems that allow one to ....

Sean W. O'Malley and Larry L. Peterson, A Dynamic Network Architecture, ACM Trans. Comp. Syst. 10 (1992), no. 2, 110-143.

....configuration is regarded as the task of mapping QoS requirements of applications, available network services, and local system services onto certain functionality of protocols, in detail the basic building blocks. These building blocks implement single protocol functions or microprotocols [7] that communicate with their peers by handling messages and adding control information to them. The communication subsystem automatically selects the most appropriate building blocks and defines their dependencies according to QoS requirements and available resources. The resulting protocol ....

S. W. O'Malley and L. L. Peterson, "A Dynamic Network Architecture," ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, vol. 10, pp. 110--143, May 1992.

....it is possible to describe the superposition of certain capabilities over the form of coordination that is handled by the connector that is passed as an actual argument. In this way we obtain connector stacks that are similar in spirit to meta object towers [DMT99] and to network protocol stacks [OP92], where each stack layer handles a given communication or interaction protocol. More concretely, we define a higher order connector through a (formal) parameter declaration and a body connector that models the nature of the service that is superposed on instantiation of the formal parameter. For ....

S. W. O'Malley and L. L. Peterson, "A Dynamic Network Architecture", ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, 10(2):110-143, May 1992.

....This distinction is important for defining shared libraries, since definitions can only be shared once they have been initialized. We use as an example the linking of new protocol modules into an operating system. Linking of protocol modules (actually micro protocols in the x kernel sense [O Malley and Peterson 1992]) has been cited as a demonstration of the power of the ML linking mechanisms [Biagioni et al. 1994] The following example demonstrates how our module language supports the same flexibility, but at run time under program control and using dynamic linking, loading a protocol module from disk or ....

O'Malley, S. W. and Peterson, L. L. 1992. A dynamic network architecture. ACM Trans. Comput. Syst. 10, 2 (May).

....This classifier borrows terminology and techniques from PDU classification [4] The accounting plug in. The plug in represents a primitive action upon an accounting record or a set of accounting records. In other component based technologies, this plug in would be referred to as a micro protocol [10] or a Java Bean; The plug in framework. With this framework, multiple accounting plug ins stack up and incrementally refine a given accounting record or a set of accounting records; The demand loader. The loader is responsible for loading accounting plug ins on demand from the accounting ....

S.O.Malley and L.L.Peterson, "A Dynamic Network Architecture," ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, (10)2, May 1992.

....Grasshopper provides containers which are similar to dataspaces, however, container managers do not have control over all VM policies and lack well defined interfaces. While our work focuses on VM, it is very similar in philosophy to the extensible network protocol framework proposed by O Malley [21] and file system stacking research [9, 23] Both bodies of research demonstrated that a modular framework promotes code reuse and allows the application programmers to successfully configure services to their needs. We are hoping to demonstrate similar points within the context of VM. 7 Summary ....

S. O'Malley and L. Peterson. A dynamic network architecture. TOCS, 10(2), May 1992.

....as such: Genesis and Avoca, but our experiences with domain specific software generators are not unique. Similar 20 experiences have been noted and virtually identical software organizations have been used in independently conceived generators in many disparate domains: Avoca in network protocols [Oma92], Rosetta in data manipulation languages [Vil94, Vil97] Ficus in distributed file systems [Hei94] Brale in host at sea buoy systems [Wei90] and ADAGE in realtime avionics software [Bat95] Thus it seems worthwhile to factor out the common, domain independent ideas that underlie different ....

Sean W. O'Malley and Larry L. Peterson. A Dynamic Network Architecture. In ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, May 1992, pages 110-143.

....potentially greater performance gains. In practice, though, synchronization constraints, resource contention, and load balancing requirements limit the speedups, and hence the message throughputs, observed. Overheads of managing parallelism: The techniques used in [14] to parallelize x kernel [76, 141] and the protocols, including the locking mechanisms used and dedication of special x kernel functions to specific processors, suggest that special synchronization paradigms and processor allocation mechanisms are needed to manage communication parallelism effectively. Synchronization and ....

....of our service architecture on this platform. Another advantage of using CORDS is the ease of composing protocol stacks in the x kernel networking framework, in which a communication subsystem is implemented as a configurable graph of protocol objects. More details on the x kernel can be found in [76, 141]. 5.4.2 OSF Path Framework: Implications and Extensions While preserving the structure and functionality of the original x kernel, CORDS adds two abstractions, paths and allocators, to provide path specific reservation allocation of system resources. System resources associated with paths ....

S. W. O'Malley and L. L. Peterson, "A dynamic network architecture," ACM Trans. Computer Systems, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 110--143, May 1992. 230

....architectures provide an integration framework for implementing end to end network protocols that support distributed multimedia applications operating over high performance networks. This framework coordinates both the hardware resources and software abstractions that implement protocol graphs [10]. A protocol graph expresses the hierarchical relations between protocols in protocol families such as the Internet, OSI, XNS, and SNA. For example, Figure 1 depicts a protocol graph containing certain Internet and OSI protocols. Each node in the protocol graph constitutes a network protocol such ....

.... (1) uniform, 2) DAG based Multiplexing Demultiplexing (1) synchronous, 2) layered, 3) hashing, 4) single item Flow Control per process Table 4: x kernel Profile request response RPC mechanisms, and a blast algorithm that uses selective retransmission to reduce channel utilization [10]. The following paragraphs describe the x kernel s primary software components: ffl Protocol Objects: Protocol objects are software abstractions that represent network protocols in the x kernel. Protocol objects belong to one of two realms, either the asynchronous realm (e.g. TCP, IP, UDP) or ....

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S. W. O'Malley and L. L. Peterson, "A Dynamic Network Architecture," ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, vol. 10, May 1992.

....with other workers functions. A worker thereby reifies a function, an entry reifies a parameter. The idea is the same: decouple a function from its context and thus improve its re usability. Dividing protocols in small functional units has first been proposed, implemented, and evaluated by [25] based on TCP IP. The result is a system that breaks up layers and structures a protocol stack into a high number of fine grained partly re usable micro protocols that are con 11 public class OrderType dynamic list of workers Vector workerList=new Vector( dynamic list of entries ....

S. W. O'Malley and L. L. Peterson, "A Dynamic Network Architecture", ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, 10(2):110--143, May 1992. 21

....configuration is regarded as the task of mapping QoS requirements of applications, available network services, and local system services onto certain functionality of protocols, in detail the basic building blocks. These building blocks implement single protocol functions or microprotocols [139] that communicate with their peers by handling messages and adding control information to them. The communication subsystem automatically selects the most appropriate building blocks and defines their dependencies according to QoS requirements and available resources. The resulting protocol ....

S. W. O'Malley and L. L. Peterson, "A Dynamic Network Architecture," ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, vol. 10, pp. 110--143, May 1992.

.... the protocol to be specified in a high level language, and then compiled into the protocol [1] The performance of such a protocol is as good as hand optimised application specific software [28] Another systematic approach to designing application specific protocols has been proposed by O Malley [62]. This approach is to design a protocol graph for each application. The graph is composed of protocol functions (referred to as microprotocols in [62] and virtual protocols. A virtual protocol represents the control actions and decision points of the protocol graph. The protocol graph (and thus ....

....application specific software [28] Another systematic approach to designing application specific protocols has been proposed by O Malley [62] This approach is to design a protocol graph for each application. The graph is composed of protocol functions (referred to as microprotocols in [62]) and virtual protocols. A virtual protocol represents the control actions and decision points of the protocol graph. The protocol graph (and thus the protocol used) is configurable through the use of these virtual protocols. However, the configuration is not arbitrary as the protocol graph itself ....

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S. O'Malley and L. L. Peterson, "A dynamic network architecture," ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 110--143, May, 1992.

....FKF98] We show that two significant software construction methodologies, the GenVoca model and object oriented collaboration based designs, are closely related. In particular, the GenVoca model has been used to design and develop software for a variety of domains (e.g. Bat88, BBG 88, OP92, CS93] In the past, its principles have not been expressed in object oriented terms. This work shows how GenVoca components can be implemented as mixin layers. Additionally, we discuss how some common GenVoca concepts and mechanisms (for instance, GenVoca realms and the validation of a ....

.... GenVoca has been employed in the implementation of several application generators (that is, compilers for domain specific programming languages) Indeed, the name GenVoca is derived from the first two GenVoca generators that were recognized as such: Genesis [Bat88, BBG 88] and Avoca [OP92] Many other independently designed generators in different domains exhibit the characteristics captured by GenVoca: Rosetta in data manipulation languages [Vil94, Vil97] Ficus in distributed file systems [HP94] Brale in host at sea buoy systems [Wei90] and ADAGE in real time avionics software ....

Sean W. O'Malley and Larry L. Peterson. A Dynamic Network Architecture. In ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, May 1992, 110-143.

....this functionality. Some examples of connection time configuration include the following. HOPS (Horizontally Oriented Protocol Structure) Haa91] provides applications with a single, higher layer protocol that successfully provides communication over diverse networks. In the x kernel [HP91] OP92] protocols are divided into modules, and these modules are connected in a protocol graph. Connections can choose a protocol path for their communications, again on a per session basis. Bhatti and Schlicting [BS95] suggested an enhancement to the x kernel that provides applications with more ....

....checksumming to the entire TCP protocol. The protocol functions together provide the menu from which an application can choose the services it desires. We envision communication services implemented by composing atomic singlefunction protocols from a menu of functionality , as have others [OP92, ZST93, Haa91, PPVW93, SBS93] For example, a service for a reliable, secure image application could be implemented with 9 JPEG, DES, a sequence numbering function, and two different reliability functions (one for request retransmission and one for response error detection and retransmission) ....

S. W. O'Malley and L. L. Peterson. A dynamic network architecture. tocs, 10:110--143, May 1992.

....at different degrees. UNIX System V streams [1] enable applications to configure software modules to protocols at runtime. Haas [2] describes a horizontally oriented protocol for high speed communications (HOPS) built from simple, user selected, protocol functions. O Malley and Peterson suggest in [3] a complex protocol graph of micro protocols and virtual protocols. Virtual protocols direct packets through the protocol graph, with each path in the graph corresponding to one protocol configuration. However, none of the previously listed approaches supports automatic mapping of application ....

O'Malley, S.W., Peterson, L.L.: "A Dynamic Network Architecture", in: ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, Vol. 10, No. 2, May 1992, pp. 110-143

....is a microkernel based operating system, it is possible to extend OS functionalities without changing the microkernel itself, that is, by adding new servers in user level. Such examples are: UNIX server for file systems and programming environment, xkernel for TCP, UDP and IP protocol support[1], global scheduler[6] distributed shared memory and a parallel file system for scalable parallel processing. 4 High Performance Communication The performance of real parallel applications greatly depends on communication performance in terms of communication latency and throughput. In ....

O'Malley, S.W., Peterson, L.L.: "A Dynamic Network Architecture", J. of ACM Trans. on Comp. Systems, vol.10, no.2, 1992, pp.110-143.

....yet exhibits less robust response to intra stream burstiness and limited intra stream scalability 2 . We establish our results using experimental measurements in conjunction with simulation and analytic techniques. We begin with an unparallelized version of the x kernel protocol framework [8, 15] running in user space on an 8 processor MIPS R4400 based SGI Challenge XL. We parallelize the receive side fast path of the x kernel s UDP IP FDDI protocol stack, and conduct a set of multiprocessor experiments designed to measure packet execution times under specific conditions of cache state. ....

S. O'Malley and L. Peterson. "A Dynamic Network Architecture". ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, 10(2):110-143, May 1992.

.... diverse range of functionality(such as multicasting [3] inter stream synchronization [4] or adaptive error handling [5, 6] Moreover, it is difficult to modify the functionality of existing protocol implementations since they are typically developed in a monolithic and inflexible manner [7]. One approach for overcoming the limitations of conventional communication models and protocols is to develop application tailored protocols that execute efficiently on a variety of hardware and operating system platforms [8] This paper describes an integrated framework of tool components that ....

S. W. O'Malley and L. L. Peterson, "A Dynamic Network Architecture, " ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, vol. 10, pp. 110--143, May 1992.

....such that they can be efficiently divided between a number of processors. Java, with its built in threads and synchronization, allows parallelism to be utilized with relative ease. 2. 4 Related work Our implementation framework is heavily based on the ideas first presented with the x Kernel [15] [18] [22] and the Conduits [32] and Conduits [14] frameworks. Some of the ideas, especially the microprotocol approach, have also been used in other frameworks, including Isis [8] Horus Ensemble [24] and Bast [11] However, Isis and Horus concentrate more on building efficient and reliable ....

S. W. O'Malley, L. L. Peterson, "A Dynamic Network Architecture", ACM Transactions on Computer Systems 10(2):110--143, May 1992.

....code reuse, and protocol configurability are adopted from the x kernel. Armada [ASJS96] and OSF RI MK [TMR96] extend the x kernel model to support real time, but with the same protocol object and composition model. Other x kernel related work has explored the use of finer grain protocol objects [OP92] but the emphasis there is on syntactic decomposition of higher level protocols within a hierarchical framework. This work, however, does lend credence to the claim that such fine grain modularity can be introduced without sacrificing performance. System V Streams [Rit84] also supports ....

S. O'Malley and L. Peterson. A dynamic network architecture. ACM Trans. Comput. Syst., 10(2):110--143, May 1992.

....independence from RPC semantics is achieved by using a generic send receive model to describe behavior of protocol machines and by allowing customization in its supporting facilities. This independence makes the URPC runtime library highly resuable for constructing new RPC semantics. The x kernel [20, 21] is known for configuring protocol stacks with object oriented sub protocol components to achieve good protocol implementation. The goal of URPC is different from that of the x kernel. The URPC toolkit is not for configuring existing protocols, but for constructing new RPC semantics systems. ....

S. W. O'Malley and L. L. Peterson. A Dynamic Network Architecture. ACM Transactions

....as memory and process management. These performance limitations prevent multimedia applications from fully exploiting the services and channel speeds offered by the underlying high performance networks. Third, conventional protocol are typically designed and implemented in an inflexible manner [4, 5]. This inflexibility greatly increases the effort required to customize conventional protocols to make them more suitable for particular application and high performance network pairings. Developing a single heavyweight protocol that efficiently supports every class of application and network ....

....existing transport systems may be inadequate for multimedia application QoS requirements due to certain performance and functionality limitations. Moreover, these limitations are exacerbated by inflexible designs and implementations of conventional protocols that are difficult to modify and extend [5]. 2.1 Limitations with Protocol Performance and Functionality Conventional protocols incur unnecessary processing overhead due to (1) extraneous and obstructing functionality and (2) inefficient mechanisms. An extraneous protocol function is one that is not required to fulfill the QoS ....

S. W. O'Malley and L. L. Peterson, "A Dynamic Network Architecture, " ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, vol. 10, pp. 110--143, May 1992.

....transport systems must become more flexible, lightweight, and adaptive [1] However, existing transport systems typically offer only a small number of monolithic protocols. Moreover, these protocols do not adequately meet the communication requirements of nextgeneration distributed applications [2]. We are developing the ADAPTIVE system to provide a flexible architecture for developing and experimenting with lightweight and adaptive transport system protocols. The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 describes the research background, Section 3 introduces the ADAPTIVE system, Section 4 ....

....across several environments in the foreseeable future. These environments include (1) low utilization, low latency LANs (e.g. Ethernet) 2) congestion prone, high latency WANs (e.g. the current Internet) and (3) high bandwidth, high latency WANs (e.g. ATM based B ISDN public access networks) [2]. Handling this diversity and dynamism requires determining appropriate end to end congestion and error protection schemes. These schemes must effectively utilize the high bandwidth channels and adapt quickly to dynamically changing network conditions such as congestion or routing updates. C) ....

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S. W. O'Malley and L. L. Peterson, "A Dynamic Network Architecture, " ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, vol. 10, pp. 110--143, May 1992.

....from slow modem lines up to gigabit networks) without adding overhead in form of unnecessary functionality for multiple combinations of application requirements and networks. Communication subsystems like ADAPTIVE [1] Da CaPo [2, 3, 4] F CSS [5, 6] HOPS [7] and O Malley and Petersons approach [8, 9] try to solve this problem by introducing highly flexible communication subsystems and a protocol configuration approach. The main principles of protocol configuration are decomposition and configuration. Complex protocols are decomposed into fine granular building blocks each defining a single ....

....executable communication protocol has to be constructed in each end system. Generally, executable protocols are constructed by linking the selected building blocks. Construction times might be minimized by linking all available building blocks in the communication subsystem at its boot time [4, 9], and by using preconstructed protocols [1, 5] The protocol performance in the association established phase is mainly effected by scheduling, interrupts, context switches, interprocess communication, and management of timers, buffers, and connection states [7] In comparison to fixed and ....

O'Malley, S.W., Peterson, L.L.: "A Dynamic Network Architecture", ACM Transactions on Computer Systems; Volume 10, Number 2, May 1992, pp. 110-143

....System Architecture Transport system architectures provide a framework for implementing end to end protocols that support distributed applications operating over local and wide area networks. This framework integrates hardware resources and software components used to implement protocol graphs [10]. A protocol graph characterizes hierarchical relations between protocols in communication models such as the Internet, OSI, XNS, and SNA. Figure 1 depicts protocol graphs for the Internet and OSI communication models. Each node in a protocol graph represents a protocol such as RPC XDR,TCP, IP, ....

.... are reusable, modular software components that implement mechanisms common to many protocols (such as include sliding window transmission and adaptive retransmission schemes, requestresponse RPC mechanisms, and a blast protocol that uses selective retransmission to reduce channel utilization [10]) The following paragraphs describe the x kernel s primary software components: ffl Protocol Objects: Protocol objects are software abstractions that represent network protocols in the x kernel. Protocol objects belong to one of two realms, either the asynchronous realm (e.g. TCP, IP, UDP) or ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

S. W. O'Malley and L. L. Peterson, "A Dynamic Network Architecture, " ACM Transactionson Computer Systems, vol. 10, pp. 110--143, May 1992.

....light weight protocol entities which must be configured into a protocol stack or protocol graph which realizes the desired communication service. The proposed solutions vary greatly in the way that configuration can be done. 5. 1 Related Work and Discussion O Malley and Peterson [OMall 91] OMall 92] propose the construction of a protocol graph, implemented on x kernel, from a set of micro and virtual protocols. The protocol graph represents the set of protocols which can be derived from the composition of the different micro and virtual protocols. The actual protocol to be used is ....

O'Malley S. W., Peterson L. L.,A Dynamic Network Architecture, In: ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, Vol. 10, No. 2, May 1992, pp. 110-143.

....properties of the target system. 1 For example, with atomic multicast, one micro protocol might implement the consistent ordering requirements, while another might implement reliable 1 Our use of the term micro protocol should not be confused with the x kernel micro protocols described in [33]. The differences are explained more fully in section 5. transmission. Micro protocols can also be used to implement different semantic variants of the same property. For example, with RPC, there may be multiple micro protocols implementing different policies for how the request is handled if ....

....to construct the type of high level protocols that are the target of this research [30] Many of our goals related to system customization, code reuse, and protocol configurability are adopted from the x kernel. Other x kernel related work has explored the use of finergrain protocol objects [33], but the emphasis there is on syntactic decomposition of higher level protocols within a hierarchical framework. This work, however, does lend credence to the claim that such fine grain modularity can be introduced without sacrificing performance. System V Streams [36] also supports ....

S. W. O'Malley and L. L. Peterson. A dynamic network architecture. ACM Trans. Comput. Syst., 10(2):110--143, May 1992.

.... of function based techniques for decomposing and parallelizing existing protocols such as TCP are described in [13, 2] Other related work addresses issues such as architectures that support function based protocol decomposition [14, 15] and graph and shape based protocol configuration techniques [16, 17]. To increase clarity, the protocol mechanisms that implement each function are omitted in the figures. However, these mechanisms are discussed in the text. 4.1 Audio Protocol Machines An audio stream is used to transmit isochronous voice traffic from the speaker to the participants. It is ....

S. W. O'Malley and L. L. Peterson, "A Dynamic Network Architecture, " ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, vol. 10, pp. 110--143, May 1992.

....while retaining the programming and configurability advantages of the x kernel. Many of our goals related to system customization, code reuse, and protocol configurability are adopted from the x kernel. 118 Other x kernel related work has explored the use of finer grain protocol objects [OP92] but the emphasis there is on syntactic decomposition of higher level protocols within a hierarchical framework. This work, however, does lend credence to the claim that such finegrain modularity can be introduced without sacrificing performance. System V Streams [Rit84] also supports ....

S. W. O'Malley and L. L. Peterson. A dynamic network architecture. ACM Trans. Comput. Syst., 10(2):110--143, May 1992.

.... approach may be to develop applicationtailored protocols that are customized for specific types of services such as transferring voice, video, text, and image data [4, 5] Each of these protocols may be simpler and more efficient to design and implement than a single monolithic protocol [6]. However, an application tailored approach may be impractical if substantial effort is required to configure and reconfigure each customized protocol implementation manually. This paper describes a framework that is being developed to help overcome this potential drawback. This framework provides ....

.... in [1] A similar approach (ADAPTIVE) involving transport system support for multimedia applications is presented in [7] Other related work addresses issues such as architectures that support function based protocol decomposition [5, 8] and graph and shape based protocol configuration techniques [6, 9]. However, the related work does not address in detail the automated support necessary to generate application tailored, functionbased protocols that run on parallel platforms. This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 outlines and motivates the function based communication model and the ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

S. W. O'Malley and L. L. Peterson, "A Dynamic Network Architecture, " ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, vol. 10, pp. 110--143, May 1992.

....some applications might be gained by customizing stacks [5] using a new programmer interface. Multiple protocol stacks could be supported, at some cost in effort; this allows both older applications and new applications with greater bandwidth requirements to coexist. Methods such as the x Kernel [18, 21] may provide a method for customized stacks to be built on top of operating system support such as we describe in this paper. 3. How are services provided to applications One key example is the support for paced data delivery, used for multimedia applications. As the host interface software is a ....

S. O'Malley and L. L. Peterson, "A Dynamic Network Architecture," ACM Transactions on Computer Systems 10(2) (May 1992).

....protocols. The ne grained nature of protocols allows designers to adhere to end to end principles by composing only those protocols required by their applications. Finally, empirical studies have shown this approach to ease development by providing eoeective reuse without impacting performance [11]. However, the layered approach to implementation encouraged by the x Kernel and Horus is not without its problems. The twin design principles of application level framing and integrated layer processing introduced in [1] address ineOEciencies fostered by the layered approach in (respectively) ....

S. O'Malley and L. Peterson. A Dynamic Network Architecture. Communications of the ACM, 10(2):110142, May 1992.

....to the new Gbps networks [4] and interface hardware, using a new programmer interface. Or, both stacks could be supported, at a significant cost in effort; this allows both older applications and new applications with greater bandwidth requirements to coexist. Methods such as the x Kernel [16, 19] may provide a method for customized stacks to be built on top of operating system support such as we describe in this paper. 3. How are services provided to applications One key example is the support for paced data delivery, used for multimedia applications. As the host interface software is a ....

S. O'Malley and L. L. Peterson, "A Dynamic Network Architecture," ACM Transactions on Computer Systems 10(2) (May 1992).

....x kernel [9] which provides an explicit architecture for constructing and composing network protocols out of protocol objects. Protocols implemented on the x kernel are static because the relations between the protocol objects are defined at the time a kernel is configured. O Malley and Peterson [15] address the issue of constructing a protocol entity from a set of micro protocols (the equivalent to protocol functions) and virtual protocol. Virtual protocols guide messages through the protocol graph according to the routing information in the message header. This allows a flexible selection ....

O'Malley, S.W., Peterson, L.L.: "A Dynamic Network Architecture", in: ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, Vol. 10, No. 2, May 1992, pp. 110-143

.... forces have resulted in the provision of greater client specific flexibility in network communication protocols; the x kernel supports composable micro protocols which applications combine to produce lean protocol stacks incorporating just the particular features they need at a given time (O Malley and Peterson, 1992; Bhatti and Schlichting, 1995) Similarly, responding to the call of Clark and Tennenhouse (1992) other groups have investigated ways in which application needs can be used to control protocol implementation (e.g. Braun and Diot, 1995) 3.3 Open Implementation The sudden appearance of all ....

O'Malley, S. and Peterson, L. (1992). "A Dynamic Network Architecture", ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, 10(2), pp. 110--143.

....as we were mostly concerned with the realization of the basic aspects underlying the COMSCRIPT model. 7 Related Work and Discussion The field of dynamic reconfiguration of protocol stacks is currently investigated by several research works. O Malley and Peterson, present in [OMall 91] and [OMall 92] their approach, where protocols are obtained from a composition of different micro and virtual protocols. The set of all possible combinations is represented by a protocol graph. During the initialization phase of the communication, the best path (which best fulfills the needs of the ....

....Plagemann and Plattner [Plage 93] uses a 3 layered stack. The first layer represents the application, the middle layer configures the protocol stack that best fulfills the requirements of the application. The bottom layer represents a transport infrastructure. This approach is similar to that of [OMall 92] in the sense that the protocol is chosen amongst a graph, but it differs from it by the possibility to have more than one protocol graph and by the capability of the middle layer to change the protocol during the communication if it doesn t fulfill anymore the application s requirements. ....

O'Malley S. W., Peterson L. L.,A Dynamic Network Architecture, In: ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, Vol. 10, No. 2, May 1992, pp. 110-143.

....networking protocols within the context of the Mach operating system[15, 14, 1] ffl OSF 1 AD from the Open Software Foundation[18] AD extends Mach to provide singlenode semantics for a distributed memory multicomputer such as the Intel Paragon. ffl The x kernel from the University of Arizona [5, 16]. The x kernel provides a platformindependent framework for implementing network protocols. It has already been integrated in Mach. ffl The shared virtual memory [10, 11] memory server [6] and checkpointing tools [12, 13] developed at Princeton University. They currently run on iPSC 860 and ....

....remote machines via a high speed network such as FDDI, ATM, or HIPPI (internetworking) Much of the work described in this section will be done in the context of the x kernel protocol implementation framework. 3. 1 Protocol Framework We have implemented a protocol framework, called the x kernel [5, 16], that supports the rapid implementation of efficient network protocols. We have integrated the x kernel protocol framework into the Mach 3.0 operating system, in a way that allows a protocol graph to run across multiple protection domains, including the Mach microkernel, a network server, and ....

Sean W. O'Malley and Larry L. Peterson. A Dynamic Network Architecture. In ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, 10(2):110--143, May 1992.

....networking protocols within the context of the Mach operating system[16, 15, 1] ffl OSF 1 AD from the Open Software Foundation[20] AD extends Mach to provide single node semantics for a distributed memory multicomputer such as the Intel Paragon. ffl The x kernel from the University of Arizona [6, 17]. The x kernel provides a platformindependent framework for implementing network protocols. It has already been integrated in Mach. ffl The shared virtual memory [11, 12] memory server [7] and checkpointing tools [13, 14] developed at Princeton University. They currently run on iPSC 860 and are ....

....remote machines via a high speed network such as FDDI, ATM, or HIPPI (internetworking) Much of the work described in this section will be done in the context of the x kernel protocol implementation framework. 3. 1 Protocol Framework We have implemented a protocol framework, called the x kernel [6, 17], that supports the rapid implementation of efficient network protocols. We have integrated the x kernel protocol framework into the Mach 3.0 operating system in a way that allows a protocol graph to run across multiple protection domains, including the Mach microkernel, a network server, and ....

Sean W. O'Malley and Larry L. Peterson. A Dynamic Network Architecture. In ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, 10(2):110--143, May 1992.

....and control paths that often accompany a monolithic system. Moreover, the implementation retains this modularity by using the configuration and communication support provided by the x kernel. Our experience, both with Consul directly [1] and with other systems built using the x kernel model [14, 15], is that this modularization comes with little or no performance penalty. Despite our positive experience with modularization in this context, there were, in fact, a number of difficulties that made the process less straightforward than it might appear. Many of these were caused by indirect ....

S. W. O'Malley and L. L. Peterson, "A dynamic network architecture," ACM Trans. Computer Systems, vol. 10, pp. 110--143, May 1992.

....the ways that building blocks can be configured, the next sections show how the cryptographic enhancements can be added to a standard local area network protocol graph, one that has optimizations that bypass the IP layer for messages that are destined for local delivery. The BLAST protocol [15] is used for fragmenting large local messages (those that exceed the maximum transmission unit for the network interface) 4.2 The security selection virtual protocol Not all network security configurations are as static as the ones outlined above. Where a system is configured to participate in ....

S. W. O'Malley and L. L. Peterson. A dynamic network architecture. ACM Trans. Comput. Syst., 10(2):110--143, May 1992.

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Sean O'Malley and Larry Peterson, "A Dynamic Network Architecture", ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, 10(2), May 1992.

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