Israel Ben-Shaul and Gail Kaiser. "A Paradigm for Decentralized Process Modeling and its Realization in the Oz Environment." Proceedings of the 16 International Conference on Software Engineering, 1994.  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....Prof. Kathy Mckeown provided the NLP application. George Heineman conducted early experiments involving overlapping tasks submitted to emacs, and developed the watcher utility. Israel Ben Shaul has extended Oz s task definition and execution facilities to support collaborative tasks [3]. Peter Skopp played a major part in designing and implementing the architectural changes needed to introduce SPCs, which will also be used for supporting low bandwidth (modem) clients [16] Several other members of the Programming Systems Laboratory provided useful input. 4] outlines our ....

Israel Z. Ben-Shaul. A Paradigm for Decentralized Process Modeling and its Realization in the oz Environment. PhD thesis, Columbia University, Department of Computer Science, 1995. CUCS-024-94. In progress.

....Other Systems. Most approaches provide built in facilities to model concurrency control, that is, long transaction mechanisms (see, e.g. Marvel, MERLIN, and Adele) As for supporting cooperation among process agents, Oz integrates facilities to support synchronous cooperation between remote users [Ben Shaul and Kaiser 1994]. Most PSEEs, in general, make it possible to support only asynchronous cooperation. Evaluation. The issue of supporting cooperation has not been specifically addressed in most systems. The only notable exception is Oz. Some experimentation has also been conducted in the SPADE project [Bandinelli ....

....approach. The issue of providing distributed and federated process support has been specifically addressed in the Oz project, which has defined and implemented policies and mechanisms to support integration of distributed and heterogeneous PSEEs by exploiting the treaty and summit metaphors [Ben Shaul and Kaiser 1994]. Evaluation. In our three systems, elementary distribution is taken care of by standard local network facilities (e.g. RPC and sockets) and the services using them (NFS, client server databases, the X Window user interface, message servers) This allows client PSEEs to be run on heterogeneous ....

BEN-SHAUL,I.Z.AND KAISER, G. 1994. A paradigm for decentralized process modeling and its realization in the Oz environment. In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Software Engineering (May). IEEE Computer Society, Washington, D.C.

....heavy weight solutions are appropriate for large size, centrally managed projects developed in a homogeneous environment. However, for smaller size projects, involving geographically distributed teams with heterogeneous platforms, a more light weight solution may be more appealing. The system Oz [5], for example, tackles the issues of distribution but still assumes the heavy infrastructure of a database system. We believe that flexible software development tools, requiring minimal infrastructure in a weakly integrated environment, still deserve attention. Such tools would be able to loosely ....

I. Ben-Shaul and G. Kaiser. A Paradigm for Decentralized Process Modeling and its Realization in the Oz. Proc. of the 16th International Conference on Software Engineering, Sorrento, Italy, 1994.

.... However, many of these systems focus on low level collaborative editing and or person to person communication issues, and lack support for general work process modelling [Krishnamurthy, 1995] Some systems, such as ConversationBuilder [Kaplan, 1992a] SPADE ImagineDesk [Di Nitto, 1995] and Oz [Ben Shaul, 1994a] attempt to bridge the gap between CSCW tools and process modelling tools but with limited success. Others, such as wOrlds [Bogia, 1995] provide facilities for supporting the informal aspects of work but do not adequately support codified, cooperative process models [Kaplan, 1996] Most ....

..... Support for modelling work processes [Barghouti, 1992, Swenson, 1994, Tolone, 1995] This allows cooperating people to more readily plan and coordinate their work on large problems. Approaches to providing such process modelling range from precise, formal languages [Barghouti, 1992, Ben Shaul, 1994a, Bandinelli, 1994] to more high level, graphical workflow languages [Medina Mora, 1992, Swenson, 1994, Baldi, 1994] Process models should ideally allow work processes to be enforced or used as guidance, as required, and should be readily understandable and modifiable by users. The ability to ....

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Ben-Shaul, I.Z. and Kaiser, G.E., "A Paradigm for Decentralized Process Modeling and its Realization in the Oz Environment," in Sixteenth International Conference on Software Engineering, May 1994, pp. 179-188.

....by the desired process written by the process architect, and the same PCE can support a wide range of different processes for different projects. Oz is a decentralized process centered software development environment in which the process is defined by a set of condition activity effects rules [3]. Oz is constructed around an object oriented database (objectbase) 13] which maintains persistent information about a process state. Oz objects map to a file repository, and each object corresponds to a directory containing file attributes. An instance of Oz represents its process internally by ....

Israel Z. Ben-Shaul and Gail E. Kaiser. A paradigm for decentralized process modeling and its realization in the o@c[z] environment. In 16th International Conference on Software Engineering, pages 179--188, Sorrento, Italy, May 1994. IEEE Computer Society Press.

....in common they have a Task Management Layer 1 (TML) that stores rich semantic information about the transactions submitted to the DBMS. The FlowMark Workflow system [77] for example, represents a workflow task as a directed acyclic graph of activities. In the Oz ProcessCentered Environment [17], a process engine interprets task models encoded in productionstyle rules. The DBMS might need to employ semantic information from TML when it determines the concurrent interleaving of transactions, otherwise valid interleavings might be denied. Ideally, TML should be a separate, well defined ....

....on mechanisms needed to support concurrency control; our support for recovery is clearly not powerful enough for all ETMs. Several researchers are currently investigating recovery for ETMs [27] TML behaves according to a task model, described through some modeling formalism, such as rules [96, 17], Petri nets [8, 43] task graphs [110, 80] or workflow [79] A task model describes the set of tasks and activities allowed for users of the system. TML manages all steps and activities generated as each user request is processed, thus TML contains the semantic information for all tasks. ECC is ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Israel Z. Ben-Shaul and Gail E. Kaiser. A paradigm for decentralized process modeling and its realization in the OZ environment. In 16th International Conference on Software Engineering, pages 179--188, Sorrento, Italy, May 1994.

....CP is the first one instantiated [9 10] and it starts executing. Between [11] and [12] the Transfer CP begins a transaction. Proceeding on to [13 14] we see that the Transfer CP has acquired the necessary locks and a new working context, 00001001, is created and sent to the user s agenda [15 16, 18 20]. The Transfer CP then moves into state P0 [17] The Deposit CP is then instantiated at [21 22] Between [23] and [24] the Deposit CP begins a transaction. When Deposit tries to access the appropriate objects, however, between [24] and [26] a locking conflict occurs, and a message [25] is ....

....directly led to our research effort on Cord. 5.2 Implementation Status Pern version 1.0 supports both conventional and policy based concurrency control, and enables integration with legacy systems via a mediator based architecture. It has been integrated into Columbia University s Oz prototype [16, 75] and experimentally interfaced to Cap Gemini s ProcessWeaver product [43] Integration with several ARPA funded research systems are in the planning stages, and Brown University is starting to use the component to support concurrency control for small code fragments. Pern is implemented in about ....

Israel Z. Ben-Shaul. A Paradigm for Decentralized Process Modeling and its Realization in the OZ Environment. PhD thesis, Columbia University, December 1994. CUCS-024-94.

.... more detail tool enveloping for PCEs; moreover, we outline some issues relevant to building wrappers for various classes of tools and examine the different options; we also present an implementation of envelopes for long lived, large size, interpretive and multi user tools in the context of the Oz [4] [3] PCE, being developed by the Programming Systems Laboratory of Columbia University. 2 Motivation Among the characteristic features of PCEs is their modularity and most specifically the replacibility of the process model loaded inside their central engine. Typical PCEs can be seen as made by ....

Israel Z. Ben-Shaul and Gail E. Kaiser. A paradigm for decentralized process modeling and its realization in the oz environment. In 16th International Conference on Software Engineering, pages 179--188, Sorrento, Italy, May 1994. IEEE Computer Society Press.

....send requests to invoke rules and receive messages reporting the progress of each rule, both for animation of the rule execution process and for user interaction with the process. 5 Amber has been instantiated to make this rule formalism available in a process centered environment called Oz [2], which is a componentized, multi server distributed follow on to the Marvel environment. In this experiment, we did not change the rule interpreter itself, or make significant changes to the rule interpreter interface program; as we will present in the next section, we built programs to ....

Israel Z. Ben-Shaul. A Paradigm for Decentralized Process Modeling and its Realization in the OZ Environment. PhD thesis, Columbia University, Department of Computer Science, April, 1995. CUCS-014-95.

.... delayed execution [6, 23] For example, the multi flag field, originally introduced for MTP, is now used within SEL to identify cases where the delegation primitive in the process step should be interpreted to fork the envelope multiple times on behalf of each of multiple designated users [3]. We are also working on extending the MTP approach to exploit Oz s multi site, multi server, multiprocess orientation. The implementation described here operates only within a single site server process (e.g. a shared network file system is assumed and authorization security issues are not ....

Israel Z. Ben-Shaul. A Paradigm for Decentralized Process Modeling and its Realization in the oz Environment. PhD thesis, Columbia University, Department of Computer Science, 1995. CUCS-024-94. In preparation.

....about the objects that do change (the artifacts) Therefore, their values tend to be set once rather than continuously changed. The second reason for directly manipulating attributes in a repository is that they can be used in a supporting role for such process engines as Spade [BFGL94] Oz [BSK94] and Endeavors [BT96] Whereas these process engines can be used to actually execute and enforce the CM process, attributes can be used for such complementary purposes as setting locks, communicating who is changing a certain artifact, 46 ChangeComment = Added support to ignore abbreviations ....

I.S. Ben-Shaul and G.E. Kaiser. A paradigm for decentralized process modeling and its realization in the Oz environment. In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Software Engineering, pages 179-188. IEEE Computer Society, May 1994.

....is then used to build process aware software tools, which are applications compiled from programs written in the enhanced programming language. Another approach embeds a process language interpreter into a software development environment. The process descriptions may be in the form of rules [2, 3, 12], Petri Nets [25, 10] or process programming languages [1] The interpreter uses the process description to direct the development process, by guiding and constraining the invocation of tools integrated into the environment. Garg and Jazayeri present an excellent survey of process oriented ....

Israel Ben-Shaul and Gail Kaiser. A paradigm for decentralized process modeling and its realization in the Oz environment. In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Software Engineering, Sorrento, Italy. IEEE Computer Society, May 1994.

....each containing its own process server that enacts the local process at that site. Each site communicates with other sites through an interprocess communication layer (IPC) In Oz, each process step corresponds to a transaction. The decentralized process modeling aspects of Oz, discussed in [6], allow treaties to be formed between sites (in pairwise fashion) to define the specific collaboration that may occur between those sites. A treaty between SiteA and SiteB defines a common sub process and sub schema (a unit of commonality ) that becomes part of each site s local process. This ....

Israel Z. Ben-Shaul and Gail E. Kaiser. A paradigm for decentralized process modeling and its realization in the OZ environment. In 16th International Conference on Software Engineering, pages 179--188, Sorrento, Italy, May 1994. IEEE Computer Society Press.

....: string = envelope name parameters locks ; end Figure 1: New Tool Definition Notation that can operate at the same time, common with COTS server licenses. Like SEL, by default MTP treats tools in a Black Box manner. Our initial implementation has been completed as an extension to Oz [5]. Oz is a geographically distributed process centered CASE environment that supports interoperability among autonomously defined processes. 2 Tool Modeling The task management service needs to specify which tools require which protocol. In principle, every CASE tool could be invoked via the new ....

Israel Z. Ben-Shaul and Gail E. Kaiser. A paradigm for decentralized process modeling and its realization in the oz environment. In 16th International Conference on Software Engineering, pages 179--188, Sorrento, Italy, May 1994. IEEE Computer Society Press.

....towards achieving the second goal were discussed in [36] This paper presents the completed work. After describing Amber s component integration and process engine extensibility parameterization mechanisms in detail, we present the productionlevel integration with our own Oz research prototype [6, 4]; by production level , we mean that the Amber version of Oz supports all our own day to day software development and therefore must be reasonably robust and practical. We then discuss more experimental integrations with the commercial ProcessWEAVER system marketed by Cap Gemini [11] and a mockup ....

Israel Z. Ben-Shaul and Gail E. Kaiser. A paradigm for decentralized process modeling and its realization in the oz environment. In 16th International Conference on Software Engineering, pages 179--188, Sorrento, Italy, May 1994. IEEE Computer Society Press.

.... envelopes and wrappers interchangeably throughout the paper) Then Section 5 describes four tool integration experiments, one for each of our categories. We discuss related work in Section 6. The paper concludes by summarizing our contributions and outlining future work. 2. Oz Background Oz [10] is a process centered environment framework. It represents both product (project artifacts) and process (workflow status) data using a home grown objectoriented database management component, with a separate objectbase for each instantiated process. An object may contain zero or more file ....

Israel Z. Ben-Shaul and Gail E. Kaiser. A paradigm for decentralized process modeling and its realization in the oz environment. In 16th International Conference on Software Engineering, pages 179--188, Sorrento, Italy, May 1994. IEEE Computer Society Press.

....and only when the fan out completes, another Summit activity is enacted, and so forth. An alternative approach would have been to execute all related Summit activities consecutively, preceded and proceeded by local operations (This, in fact, was the initial composite Summit model as presented in [16]) That is, when a summit activity completes, the coordinating SubEnv enacts (recursively) any further Summit activities emanating from the previous one, and fan out begins only when the global execution completes. The main advantage of the former (our Summit approach) is in the fact that it ....

Israel Z. Ben-Shaul and Gail E. Kaiser. A paradigm for decentralized process modeling and its realization in the oz environment. In 16th International Conference on Software Engineering, pages 179--188, Sorrento, Italy, May 1994. IEEE Computer Society Press.

....a CLOSE TOOL command is invoked before the Activity Queue for that session becomes empty, the SPC automatically creates a new session and transfers the Activity Queue. 5 Conclusions We have implemented mtp as part of Marvel s successor, Oz, which adds a variety of other new functionality (see [2]) Example applications have included idraw as a UNI QUEUE tool, where process steps are queued for one at atime execution (the same userid may submit process steps from multiple clients, and the user interface is transferred as needed) emacs as a UNI NO QUEUE tool where steps are not queued but ....

Ben-Shaul, I.Z., Kaiser, G.E.: A Paradigm for Decentralized Process Modeling and its Realization in the Oz Environment. 16th International Conference on Software Engineering (May 1994) 179--188.

....1 Introduction Process Weaver [2] is a set of tools that adds process support capability to UNIX based environments. It consists of tools for modeling and enactment of activity centered process models. We are currently constructing a transaction manager component, called Pern [3] for the Oz [1] decentralized process centered environment. It seemed natural to test Pern with a foreign system. This paper shows the results of this experiment. 2 Transactions There is a definite distinction between concurrency through synchronization and concurrency control. Petri nets are excellent for ....

....this example is reproduced in Appendix B. Messages that are in response to a previous message requested are numbered differently. For example, the second message is labeled 1R since it is a notification message in response to the request message numbered 1. The Bank CP is launched by the user [1] and starts executing [2 8] at which point it is in states f Doing t, Doing dg. The two subprocedures, Transfer and Deposit, are launched at [6 7] The Transfer CP is the first one instantiated [9 10] and it starts executing. Between [11] and [12] the Transfer CP begins a transaction. Proceeding ....

Israel Z. Ben-Shaul and Gail E. Kaiser. A paradigm for decentralized process modeling and its realization in the OZ environment. In 16th International Conference on Software Engineering, Sorrento, Italy, May 1994. IEEE Computer Society Press. In press.

....enveloping to apply to a much wider array of tools than previously. We concentrate on the Black Box model, since it is often the only choice as well as the most difficult. Oz is a process centered CASE environment framework that supports interoperability among autonomously defined processes [5], where the participating processes may be geographically dispersed across the Internet [4] Oz represents both product and process data in object oriented databases, a separate instance for each process (when processes interoperate, non resident data is automatically transferred and cached) An ....

Israel Z. Ben-Shaul and Gail E. Kaiser. A paradigm for decentralized process modeling and its realization in the oz environment. In 16th International Conference on Software Engineering, pages 179--188, Sorrento, Italy, May 1994. IEEE Computer Society Press.

....= Archived) noforward ( ch.archivestatus = Archived) ARCHIVER massupdate m a.history (and ( m.archivestatus = Archived) nochain ( m.timestamp = CurrentTime) a.archivestatus = Archived) m. archivestatus = NotArchived) Figure 2: A Rule From C Marvel extension in [1]. Forward and backward chaining through condition and effect predicates is controlled by chaining directives. Forward chaining is optional, and can be turned off wholesale or explicitly restricted through no forward or no chain directives on individual automation predicates in the effect. ....

Israel Z. Ben-Shaul and Gail E. Kaiser. A paradigm for decentralized process modeling and its realization in the oz environment. In 16th International Conference on Software Engineering, pages 179--188, Sorrento, Italy, May 1994.

....of the model to other non rule based PMLs; Section 5 evaluates the research based on experience gained by using Oz in a production environment; Section 6 compares to related work; and Section 7 summarizes the contributions of this research and outlines future directions. Our earlier paper [9] introduced a preliminary version of the model and its implementation, focusing 3 on enactment. Our book [7] presented a revised, comprehensive and formalized model with detailed coverage of both the definition and enactment aspects, and describes a mature implementation. This paper abridges the ....

Israel Z. Ben-Shaul and Gail E. Kaiser. A paradigm for decentralized process modeling and its realization in the oz environment. In 16th International Conference on Software Engineering, pages 179--188, Sorrento, Italy, May 1994. IEEE Computer Society Press.

.... sites utilize local client remote server and serverto server connectivity facilities provided by the system (local client local server connections assume a shared network file system, but need not reside on the same host) Treaties, Summits and interconnectivity support are discussed elsewhere [1, 3, 2]; here we investigate collaboration among multiple users regardless of whether they work within the same or in different processes, or within the same local area network vs. across a wide area network. Nevertheless, decentralization and geographical dispersion were prime motivations for this work: ....

Israel Z. Ben-Shaul and Gail E. Kaiser. A paradigm for decentralized process modeling and its realization in the oz environment. In 16th International Conference on Software Engineering, pages 179--188, Sorrento, Italy, May 1994. IEEE Computer Society Press.

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Israel Ben-Shaul and Gail Kaiser. "A Paradigm for Decentralized Process Modeling and its Realization in the Oz Environment." Proceedings of the 16 International Conference on Software Engineering, 1994.

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Israel Ben-Shaul and Gail Kaiser. "A Paradigm for Decentralized Process Modeling and its Realization in the Oz Environment." Proceedings of the 16 International Conference on Software Engineering, 1994.

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