H. Nakashima, S. Peters, and H. Schutze, "Communication and Inference through Situations," in Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI '91), pp. 76--81, 1991.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....theory and its associated environment (called BABYSIT) are proposed. The proposed approach especially adopts the ontological features which were originally put forward in [11] Existing approaches towards a computational account of situation theory unfortunately incorporated only some of these [14, 15, 16, 39, 40, 43]; the remaining features were omitted for the sake of achieving particular goals. This has caused conceptual and philosophical divergence from the ontology of the original theory a dangerous and unwanted side effect. Our work will try to avoid this pitfall by simply sticking to the essentials of ....

....situations are closed under constraints and rules of inference. However, all these make PROSIT diverge from the ontology of situation theory. PROSIT has been used to show how problems involving cooperation of multiple agents can be solved, especially by combining reasoning about situations. In [39], Nakashima et al. demonstrate how the Conway paradox can be solved. The agents involved in this problem use the common knowledge accumulated in a shared situation. This situation functions as a communication channel containing all information known to be commonly accessible. One agent s ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

H. Nakashima, S. Peters, and H. Schutze. "Communication and Inference through Situations," in Proceedings of the Third Conference on Artificial Intelligence Applications, Washington, D.C.: IEEE Computer Society Press, 1987, pp. 76--81.

....time of nonsense conversations, such as greetings. We can say that they determine the cost of links in the framework of GI. We describe a GIANT for news filtering as shown in Figure 2 [18] where A ; D are articles. 1 ; 3are keywords or some features for content based evalua language, Prosit[10] is constructed on Prolog. 1 A B C D g1 g3 g2 1 23 X Y Z Learning prediction A B C D g1 g3 g2 1 23 X Y Z Learning prediction Learning a social evaluation Learning a person s taste Figure 2: GIANT for News Filtering. tion. X ;Z are readers. The nodes g1 ; g3 represent a ....

H. Nakashima, S. Peters, and H. Schutze. Communication and inference through situations. In Proc. IJCAI-91, pages 76--81, Sydney, Australia, 1991.

....12 and 13) 15) in(above(A; B) c(S 0 ) nesting, 14) 16) in(above(A; B) c(S 0 ) above(A; B; S 0 ) instance of 5) 17) above(A; B; S 0 ) proof in context, 15 and 16) 18) in(above(A; B; S 0 ) c) Figure 2. Proof of the lifting problem 14 The three wise men puzzle is also tackled in [Nakashima 91] where a model for the representation of common knowledge is presented in the framework of situation theory. Oddly, the authors claim that, in their model, adopting a static (declarative) formalization of problems involving common knowledge, it is impossible to build proofs by contradiction, ....

H. Nakashima, S. Peters, H. Schutze (1991). Communication and Inference through situations, Proc. of 12th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Sidney, Australia.

....versions of it have been applied to a number of linguistic issues [17] resulting in what is commonly known as situation semantics. This was followed by assorted studies on the computational aspects of the theory, which gave birth to a group of computational systems based on situation theory [32, 33, 35, 44, 48, 46, 50, 49, 9, 10]. PROSIT (PROgramming in SItuation Theory) developed by Nakashima et al. 32, 33, 35] is the pioneering work in this direction. Therefore, it is worth examining how much PROSIT reflects situation theoretic concepts and how much it deviates from them. PROSIT seems to be especially suitable for ....

....as situation semantics. This was followed by assorted studies on the computational aspects of the theory, which gave birth to a group of computational systems based on situation theory [32, 33, 35, 44, 48, 46, 50, 49, 9, 10] PROSIT (PROgramming in SItuation Theory) developed by Nakashima et al. [32, 33, 35], is the pioneering work in this direction. Therefore, it is worth examining how much PROSIT reflects situation theoretic concepts and how much it deviates from them. PROSIT seems to be especially suitable for writing programs simulating humanlike (commonsense) reasoning [28, 29] Unfortunately, ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

H. Nakashima, S. Peters, and H. Schutze. Communication and inference through situations. In Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI '91), pages 76--81, Sidney, Australia, 1991.

....and organizational structures. Formalizations of common knowledge and mutual belief [ Halpern and Moses, 1985; Halpern and Moses, 1990 ] have been around for some time. Although theoretically adequate, some of these formalisms are not computationally realizable. Recent papers [ Barwise, 1989; Nakashima et al. 1991; Halpern and Moses, 1990 ] in this area address some of these problems. Recent work on other collective mental attitudes, such as joint goals and joint intentions, includes [ Bratman, 1991; Gilbert, 1989; Grosz and Sidner, 1990; Levesque et al. 1990; Searle, 1990; Tuomela and Miller, 1988 ] In ....

H. Nakashima, S. Peters, and H. Schutze. Communication and Inference through Situations. In Proceedings of the Twelfth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-91), Sydney, Australia, 1991.

....in what is commonly known as situation semantics . This was accompanied by assorted studies on the computational aspects of the theory, which gave birth to a small collection of programming languages based on situation theory; cf. 24] for a recent survey. PROSIT (PROgramming in SItuation Theory) [14, 15, 5] is the pioneering work in this direction. PROSIT seems to be especially suitable for writing programs simulating human like (commonsense) reasoning [12] Unfortunately, there have been very few attempts to employ PROSIT in this style. Such a study is, however, of great importance, and would help ....

....there is a fire whenever he perceives smoke: S 0 = s 0 j s 0 j= smoke present, l; t; 1AE] S 1 = s 1 j s 1 j= fire present, l; t; 1AE] C = S 0 ) S 1 ] 3 PROSIT Currently, there are three computational systems based on situation theory. PROSIT, developed by Nakashima et al. [14, 15, 5], is the earliest system. It was followed by the ASTL system of Black [4] Another computational medium called BABY SIT is currently being built by Akman and Tin [23, 22, 21] PROSIT is primarily aimed at problems of knowledge representation whereas ASTL is intended for experiments in natural ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Hideyuki Nakashima, Stanley Peters, and Hinrich Schutze. Communication and inference through situations. In Proc. 12th Intl. Joint Conf. on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI '91), pages 76--81, Sydney, 1991.

....on the other hand, have global scope. Variables match any expression in the language and parameters be can equated to any constant or parameter. PROSIT has been used to show how problems involving cooperation of multiple agents can be studied, especially by combining reasoning about situations. In [22], Nakashima et al. demonstrate how the Conway paradox [3, pp. 201 220] can be solved. The agents involved in this problem use the common knowledge accumulated in a shared situation. This situation functions as a communication channel containing all information known to be commonly accessible. ....

H. Nakashima, S. Peters, and H. Schutze. "Communication and Inference through Situations," in Proceedings of the Third Conference on Artificial Intelligence Applications, Washington, D.C.: IEEE Computer Society Press, 1987, pp. 76--81.

....which we review in the next section, we have tried to stick to the essentials of the theory and adopted the ontology which was first put forward by Barwise and Perry [3] and then refined by Devlin [7] 3. 1 PROSIT PROSIT (PROgramming in SItuation Theory) was developed by Nakashima et al. [15, 16] and implemented in Lisp. In PROSIT one can define situations and assert knowledge into particular situations. It is also possible to define relations between situations in the form of constraints. There is an inference engine similar to a Prolog interpreter. One can assert facts that a situation ....

H. Nakashima, S. Peters, and H. Schutze. Communication and Inference through Situations. In Proceedings of the Third Conference on Artificial Intelligence Applications, pages 76--81, IEEE Computer Society Press, Washington, D.C., 1987.

....calculus. For example, the capital of the USA is Washington, D. C. in 1992. Thus, the situation earth 1992 supports the infon that the capital of the USA is Washington, D. C. earth 1992 j= hhcapital, USA, Washinton,D.C. 1ii 4 3 See [Bar89] for further details about situation theory, and [NPS91] for how to use it in reasoning. 4 In the case of positive infons, the polarities may be omitted. Situations are used in wide sense in our formalization. For instance, knowledge spaces of agents are also treated as situations. We will also write s j= 6 where 6 is a set of infons iff 8oe 2 ....

Hideyuki Nakashima, Stanley Peters, and Hinrich Schuzte. Communication and inference through situations. In Proc. of IJCAI-91, pages 76--81, 1991.

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H. Nakashima, S. Peters, and H. Schutze, "Communication and Inference through Situations," in Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI '91), pp. 76--81, 1991.

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