Gray, J., "An approach to decentralized computer systems, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, Vol.. SE-12, No. 6, June 1986, pp. 684-692.  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....paradigms is fundamental to understanding fault tolerant software. These paradigms and examples of systems supporting these paradigms are therefore described in greater detail in the rest of this section. 2.3. 1 The Object Action Model The object action paradigm consists of objects and actions [Gra86a] An object is a passive entity that exports operations. Actions are threads of execution; they are active and invoke operations on objects to carry out tasks. Actions are atomic, which means they are unitary and serializable. The unitary property ensures that if an action completes successfully, ....

James N. Gray. An approach to decentralized computer systems. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, SE-12(6):684--692, June 1986.

....Another area has been the development of programming paradigms, which simplify the development of certain types of fault tolerant distributed programs by providing canonical organization techniques and abstractions. Examples of popular programming paradigms include the object action model [Gra86] the restartable action paradigm [Lam81] and the replicated state machine approach [Sch90] In this paper, we focus on a third area related to simplifying the construction of fault tolerant distributed programs, that of providing adequate programming language support. Specifically, we describe ....

James N. Gray. An approach to decentralized computer systems. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, SE-12(6):684--692, June 1986.

....Sun Microsystems, the Microelectronics Innovation and Computer Research Opportunities in California, and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research. This paper was published in Proc. 2d Int. Workshop on Configurable Distributed Systems, Pittsburgh, March 1994. unavailability. For example, [11] reports that 42 of the failures in the Tandem distributed systems are caused by human mistakes made during maintenance, operation and configuration. It is thus interesting to replace the human controlled reconfiguration service by a software implemented Availability Management service that ....

J. Gray. An approach to decentralized computer systems. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, SE-12(6):684--692, Jun 1986.

....This greatly reduces the complexity of developing such programs. 24 Three major paradigms are object action, primary backup, and state machines. The object action paradigm involves passive objects that export actions, which are operations to modify the long lived state of the object [Gra86] These actions are serializable, which means that the effect of any concurrent execution of actions on the same object is equivalent to some serial sequence. They are also recoverable, i.e. executed completely or not at all. These actions are called transactions in the database context. The ....

....facility. This demonstrates the utility of FT Linda s tuple transfer primitives, and the ability of the language to implement abstractions more powerful than the atomic guarded statement (AGS) Transactions are, of course, an example of the object action paradigm introduced in Section 1.3. 1 [Gra86] 4.1.1 Replicated Server In this example, a process implements a service that is invoked by client processes by issuing requests for that service. To provide availability of the service when failures occur, the server is replicated on multiple machines in a distributed system. To maintain ....

James N. Gray. An approach to decentralized computer systems. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, SE-12(6):684--692, June 1986. 169

....and persistent memory builds on slower hardware. On the other hand we expect the need to garbage collect the persistent memory to be a much rarer occurrence than the need to garbage collect the volatile memory. The reason again being the large size of the persistent memory. A decentralized system [Gray86] allows multiple centers of control. This is useful for several reasons: possibly increased performance due to increased potential for concurrency; increased availability due to opportunity for physical distribution; and, perhaps most importantly, increased autonomy for the owners of ....

J.N. Gray, "An Approach to Decentralized Computer Systems," IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, vol. SE-12, no. 6, pp. 684-692, 1986.

....use of programming paradigms, which reduce the complexity of the task by providing canonical software organization techniques and supporting abstractions for a given type of problem. Important paradigms that have been developed for fault tolerant software include the object action paradigm [Gra86] the primary backup approach [AD76] the state machine approach [Sch90] and conversations [Ran75] Fundamental abstractions that have been defined in conjunction with these paradigms include stable storage [Lam81] atomic actions [Lis85] common global time [Lam78] and reliable multicast ....

J. Gray. An approach to decentralized computer systems. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, SE-12(6):684--692, Jun 1986.

....model is depicted in Figure 1. As mentioned earlier, we will also consider variations of base model we have presented. In particular, we will consider two variations: ffl Service Interface. Many real life examples of multidatabase applications are based on a high level service interface model [32, 21] (e.g. networks of travel agencies, the international interbank clearing system, etc. In the service interface model the GTM submits service requests as opposed to individual read, write, abort, and commit actions. A service request generates read, write, commit (or abort) at local sites, just ....

J. N. Gray. An Approach to Decentralized Computer Systems, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, vol 12, 6, 1986.

....[AD76, BJRA85, BMST92] with the state of the other backup replicas being updated periodically. This approach is an example of passive replication. In the object action paradigm, the system is constructed of passive objects that export actions, i.e. operations, that modify the state of objects [Gra86] Applications of this approach to reliable computing are discussed in [Whe89] In all these paradigms, communication oriented services such as multicast and membership are key components of the supporting infrastructure. 1.2.3 Properties of Services Existing services can be characterized by the ....

....appears that the group communication framework is more of a conceptual framework than an actual implementation framework. 41 2.1.2. 6 Arjuna The Arjuna system provides tools for constructing reliable distributed object oriented applications [SDP91] Arjuna is based on the object action paradigm [Gra86] where applications are structured as atomic actions operating on persistent objects, i.e. objects that survive site crashes. Arjuna is implemented using C , and uses the inheritance mechanism provided by the language extensively. The distribution and replication of objects is hidden from ....

J. Gray. An approach to decentralized computer systems. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, SE-12(6):684--692, Jun 1986.

....development of programming paradigms, which simplify the development of certain types of fault tolerant, distributed programs by providing canonical system organization techniques and abstractions for that type of problem. Examples of popular programming paradigms include the object action model [Gra86] the restartable action paradigm [Lam81] and the replicated state machine approach [Sch90] In this paper, we focus on a third area related to simplifying the construction of fault tolerant distributed programs, that of providing adequate programming language support. Specifically, we present ....

J. N. Gray. An approach to decentralized computer systems. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, SE-12(6):684--692, June 1986.

.... execute on a single LDB, outside the control of the FDBMS, as local transactions (LTs) An LDB is a collection of data and applications that is managed by a database management system (DBMS) and are administrated under a policy specifying the interoperability and autonomy requirements of the LDB [Gr86, OV91]. Note that we permit two LDBs, administered under different policies, to be managed by the same DBMS. One of the key problems of FDBMSs is the support of global transactions and their coexistence with local transactions [BGS92] The central issues that have to be addressed relate to the ....

....While it may appear that such a high level requestor server approach is a fairly special case of an FDBMS, in practice we expect this will remain an important case, requiring careful consideration. There are many examples of database interoperability that are based on the above model [Gr86, GA87, ANRS92, VEH92]. These include networks of travel agencies and international interbank clearing systems. The most simple case of the high level requestor server approach restricts GTs to invoking a single exported operations at exactly one LDB; such a GT can be viewed as a local DBMS transaction that is ....

Gray, J.N., An Approach to Decentralized Computer Systems, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering Vol.12 No.6, 1986.

.... not even other departments within the same corporation) to access and manipulate its data by means of SQL statements (not even with restricted access permissions and views) Many real life examples of multi database interoperability seem to be based on such a high level requestor server model [Gr86, GA87, VEH92, ANRS92]. In this model, a schedule is a set of transaction trees together with an execution order of the invoked operations (i.e. the nodes of the trees) A schedule is called semantically serializable if it is equivalent to a serial execution of the transaction roots in the following sense [BBG89] a ....

Gray, J.N., An Approach to Decentralized Computer Systems, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering Vol.12 No.6, 1986

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Gray, J., "An approach to decentralized computer systems, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, Vol.. SE-12, No. 6, June 1986, pp. 684-692.

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Jim N. Gray: "An Approach to Decentralized Computer Systems"; IEEE Trans. Software Eng., Vol.Se-12 No.6, Jun.1986, pp.684--692.

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