M. Brodie and D. Ridjanovic. On the design and specification of database transactions. In M. L. Brodie, J. Mylopoulos, and J. W. Schmidt, editors, On Conceptual Modelling. Springer-Verlag, 1984.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....are automatically created and managed by the system. Of course, explicit metaclasses are more flexible. They can, for example, be specialized into other metaclasses in the same way that ordinary classes can. Explicit metaclasses are supported by several semantic models (e.g. TAXIS [13] SHM [2]) object models (e.g. VODAK [8] ADAM [15] OSCAR [5] knowledge representation languages (e.g. LOOPS [1] KEE [4] PROTEUS [17] SHOOD [3] TELOS [14] and programming languages (e.g. CLASSTALK [12] CLOS [7] 8 1 # # # Implicit or Explicit Metaclasses . Explicit = declared by ....

M. Brodie and D. Ridjanovic. On the design and specification of database transactions. In M. L. Brodie, J. Mylopoulos, and J. W. Schmidt, editors, On Conceptual Modelling. Springer-Verlag, 1984.

....created and managed by the system. Of course, explicit metaclasses are more flexible. They can, for example, be specialized into other metaclasses in the same way that ordinary classes can. Explicit metaclasses have been supported by several semantic models (e.g. Taxis [MBW80] Shm [BR84] object models (e.g. Vodak, Adam [PD91] Oscar [GH93] knowledge representation languages (e.g. Loops, Kee [FK85] Proteus [Rus89] Shood [Esc93] Telos [MBJK90] ConceptBase [JJQ98] and programming languages (e.g. Neo Classtalk [LC96] Clos, Dylan, STklos, ObjVLisp, Logtalk) Explicit ....

M.L. Brodie and D. Ridjanovic. On the design and specification of database transactions. In M. L. Brodie, J. Mylopoulos, and J. W. Schmidt, editors, On Conceptual Modelling. Springer-Verlag, 1984.

....discuss the data as they appear in the real world and supporting a top down, modular view of the schema. In recent years, the database modelling researches have been focused on representing data behavioural aspects on the conceptual model. The behavioural aspects were firstly considered in Brodie [2] incorporating transactions and actions on objects and data types which were discussed with the structural aspects at the same time due to the abstraction techniques supported by SDM. These attempts have hardly been influenced by the Object Oriented paradigm owing to the emergency of ....

Brodie, M., Ridjanovic, D. "On the design and specification of Database Transactions". 1. 1984

....needs for representation and reference can be served by informal links, such as hypertext links which allow the attachment of multimedia annotations to SIB objects. 9) Association is an encapsulation mechanism intended to allow the grouping of descriptions that play together a functional role [Brod84]. It associates a set of descriptions with a particular symbol table: Association = setOfDescriptions , symbolTable) The contents of an association can only be accessed through the entry points supplied in its symbol table. For example, we may define as an association the descriptions that ....

M. Brodie and D. Ridjanovic, On the Design and Specification of Database Transactions, in: M. Brodie, J. Mylopoulos and J. Schmidt (eds.), On Conceptual Modelling: Perspectives from Artificial Intelligence, Databases and Programming Languages, Springer-Verlag, 1984.

....imply causes us to see the formula left of it as a precondition, and the formula right of it as a postcondition. Perhaps we should reiterate that only the box operator [ff] implies a temporal ordering. 6. 2 Constraint completion A number of CM specification languages, such as TAIS [3] and ACM PCM [4], allow the specification of preconditions for actions. The logic of these preconditions is such that if they are not satisfied, the action is not performed. Thus, they implement the informal statement 1. Psi ) ff is not executed) This is not formalizable in OTLDeon . Consider the following ....

M.L. Brodie, D. Ridjanovic. On the Design and Specification of Database Transactions. in On Conceptual Modelling, Brodie et al. (eds.), 1984, pp. 277-312.

....of the methods specified by a propagation pattern is highly localized. The signature information is specified by a signature clause and several transportation patterns. Changing signature information is much more convenient than in traditional object oriented programs. Brodie and Ridjanovic [11] offered an idea of integrating structure and behavior modeling, which reflects the picture of adaptive software. They state: Due to the size, complexity, and evolutionary nature of database applications, specifications should be easily constructed, understood, and modified. ffl They observed ....

Michael L. Brodie and Dzenan Ridjanovic. On the design and specification of database transactions. In John Mylopoulos and Michael L. Brodie, editors, Readings in Artificial Intellegence and Databases, pages 185--206. Morgan Kaufmann, 1988.

....models was primarily due, on one hand to the complex data structures needed for modelling entities, and on the other hand to the need to capture complex constraints and relationships between entities. These models have two characteristics: First, there is a great emphasis on data abstractions. In [Brod84] four principal data abstractions are recognized: specialization, association, aggregation and classification. Second, behavioral abstractions, that is, abstractions concerning manipulations and access to the database, are neglected. Although query languages have been designed for most of these ....

M.L. Brodie, D. Ridjanovic. "On the Design and Specification of Database Transactions". In: On Conceptual Modelling, Brodie, Mylopoulos, Schmidt (eds), Spinger Verlag, 1984, pp 277-306.

.... Petri net notation (cf. e.g. Reisig 1985) nets, called nested relation transition nets (NR T nets) cf. Oberweis, Sander, Stucky 1993) To each place in an NR T net, a complex structured object type is assigned, specified in a semantic data model similar to SHM (Semantic Hierarchy Model) cf. Brodie, Ridjanovic 1984). Basic constructs for data structuring are classification, aggregation, specialization and grouping. Figure 1 shows the graphical representation of these concepts. Aggregation Grouping Specialization c 1 c i c n c 1 c i c n A S G m Fig. 1: Structuring concepts in SHM The marking of a place in an ....

Brodie, M.L.; Ridjanovic, D.: On the design and specification of database transactions; in: Brodie, M.L.; Mylopoulos, J.; Schmidt, J.W. (Eds.): On Conceptual Modelling, Springer 1984, pp. 278-306.

....Science 17 September behavior into databases, are increasingly desired. The growing popularity of objectoriented databases (OODBs) is an evidence of this trend. Important work on dynamic aspects of databases includes practically oriented research on behavior modeling and transaction design [9 11,24,27,28], encapsulating both structural and behavior data, e.g. object oriented databases including Gemstone [15] Vbase [6] O 2 [25,26] IRIS [7] etc. and also includes theoretical studies on transactions as specification languages [2,4] and on dynamic integrity constraints [13,16,32,33] Previous ....

....Previous studies on modeling database behavior can be roughly categorized into two approaches. One uses behavioral constructs to describe semantic information in a way similar to the use of data constructs in modeling structural data. Examples are the transaction composition operators [10,11], the inflow schemas of INSYDE [24] and the scripts in TAXIS [27,28] The other specifies database behavior using dynamic integrity constraints. Temporal logic is a typical example of this approach [13,14,16] In this paper, we study database behavior specification from the perspectives of both ....

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M. L. Brodie and D. Ridjanovic. On the design and specification of database transactions. In M.L. Brodie, J. Mylopoulos, and J.W. Schmidt, editors, On Conceptual Modelling, pages 277--306. Springer-Verlag New York Inc., 1984.

....been invested in the efficient processing of queries and updates over a wide range of storage structure and databases in secondary memory. A number of relational database systems such as Oracle, Sybase, Ingres have been widely used and more expressive data models and systems have been developed [4, 12, 13, 15, 17, 22, 23, 25, 27, 29, 35, 50, 56]. Logic programming began in the early seventies as a direct outgrowth of earlier work in automatic theorem proving and artificial intelligence. Logic programming is based on mathematical logic, which is formalized in terms of proof theory and model theory. Proof theory provides formal ....

M.L. Brodie and D. Ridjanovic. On the design and specification of database transactions. In M.L. Brodie, J. Mylopoulos, and J.W. Schmidt, editors, On Conceptual Modelling, pages 232--276. Springer-Verlag, 1984.

....databases, transaction management, etc. are useful but limited. For instance, the research in active databases recognizes the importance of high level event specification [8,10] The transaction model in [28] developed by using the Active and Passive Component Modelling (ACM PCM) methodology [6], states the importance of modelling transactions prior to the completion of a static schema design. Process modelling, such as the event models presented in [11] and in [25] was proposed to structure process events hierarchically by communication links along which information is transmitted. ....

Brodie M. and Ridjanovic D. On design and specification of database transactions. In: [5] 277-306.

.... (see, e.g. 41] 5 INCOME STAR supports a new type of high level Petri nets, namely nested relation transition nets (NR T nets) 37] To each place in an NR T net, a complex structured object type is assigned, specified in a semantic data model similar to SHM (Semantic Hierarchy Model) [6]. Basic constructs for data structuring are classification, aggregation, specialization and grouping. Figure 3.1 1 shows the graphical representation of these concepts. Aggregation Grouping Specialization c 1 c i c n c 1 c i c n A S G m Figure 3.1 1: Structuring concepts in SHM [6] The marking of ....

....Model) 6] Basic constructs for data structuring are classification, aggregation, specialization and grouping. Figure 3.1 1 shows the graphical representation of these concepts. Aggregation Grouping Specialization c 1 c i c n c 1 c i c n A S G m Figure 3. 1 1: Structuring concepts in SHM [6] The marking of a place in an NR T net is a nested relation of the respective type, i.e. a set of complex structured objects, where attribute values may again be nested relations. A transition in an NR T net represents a class of operations on relations in the transition s input and ....

M.L. Brodie and D. Ridjanovic. On the design and specification of database transactions. in On Conceptual Modelling, M.L. Brodie, J. Mylopoulos, and J.W. Schmidt (Eds.), Springer, 278-306 (1984).

....needs for representation and reference can be served by informal links, such as hypertext links which allow the attachment of multimedia annotations to SIB objects. 9) Association is an encapsulation mechanism intended to allow the grouping of descriptions that play together a functional role [Brod84]. For example, we may define as an association the descriptions that constitute a design specification for a hotel information system, or all the classes that define an implementation of that same system. The contents of an association can only be accessed through the entry points defined in a ....

Brodie, M. and Ridjanovic, D., "On the Design and Specification of Database Transactions", in: Brodie, M., Mylopoulos, J. and Schmidt, J. (eds.), On Conceptual Modelling: Perspectives from Artificial Intelligence, Databases and Programming Languages, Springer-Verlag, 1984.

....types are called data types , whereas the notion object type is used for abstract object types only. In Fig. 1 object types (entity types) are depicted by rectangles. The symbols , Omega and Pi denote complex object types. To be more specific, we have a set object type (association [5], collection [18] grouping [13] FLEET, a tuple object type (aggregation [29] composition [18] MOTOR BOAT, and the relationship types uses and works for. Members of set object types are sets over an underlying type, whereas members of both tuple object types and relationship types are ordered ....

M.L. Brodie and D. Ridjanovic. On the design and specification of database transactions. In M.L. Brodie, J. Mylopoulos, and J.W. Schmidt, editors, On Conceptual Modelling -- Perspectives from Artificial Intelligence, Databases, and Programming Languages, pages 277--306, Springer (New York), 1984.

....which again is seen as an aggregation of three objects (one professor, one student and one course) This makes it clear that Nary relations can be modeled as classes whose instances are aggregates. An instance aggregate is an abstraction of a group of other objects belonging to a certain class [ Brodie and Ridjanovic, 1984 ] A typical example of such an aggregate is a team, which can be seen as a group of players. Like any other description logics, CAT S allows one to form complex classes by applying suitable constructors to both simple and aggregate classes. Notably, CAT S includes a form of role value map, and ....

M. L. Brodie and D. Ridjanovic. On the design and specification of database transactions. In On Conceptual Modelling, pages 277-- 306. Springer-Verlag, 1984.

....Person, Date, VersionNumber, HotelIS, Accounting, Cashier, Bar, 6.03.1, Sept90 and Yannis. In general, the SIB will also contain descriptions with no external identifiers or with several. Association is intended to allow the grouping of descriptions that play together a functional role [Brod84]. For example, we may define as an association the descriptions that constitute a design specification for a hotel information system, or all the classes that define an implementation of that same system. Note that association partly addresses the need for encapsulation facilities in conceptual ....

Brodie, M. and Ridjanovic, D., "On the Design and Specification of Database Transactions", in: Brodie, M., Mylopoulos, J. and Schmidt, J. (eds.), On Conceptual Modelling: Perspectives from Artificial Intelligence, Databases and Programming Languages, Springer-Verlag, 1984.

....But this second approach can be also viewed bottom up: There, the integrity component offers the application programmer a set of consistency enforcing transactions instead of the usual atomic actions of the DBMS. Most proposals for this method are based on the relational data model ( BR84] AV89] and [BDRZ85] but they naturally apply to object oriented data models when considering methods as consistency enforcing units of work. 3. The third approach uses a tightly coupling of a monitor with the DBMS to exploit system internal information. It requires modifications of the DBMS ....

M. L. Brodie and D. Ridjanovic. On the design and specification of database transactions. In M. L. Brodie, J. Mylopoulos, and J. W. Schmidt, editors, On Conceptual Modelling, pages 277--306. Springer, New York, NY, 1984.

.... this respect, the modeling of transactional workflows is highly related to the areas of concurrent object oriented programming (see, e.g. Ag90, TS89] Petri net specifications (see, e.g. Pe81, Ge87] and conceptual modeling of business processes as well as information dynamics (see, e.g. [BR84, CKO92, KS91, Olle88, RFB88, RR82]. Research in this category of transactional workflows includes, for example, variations of Sagas [GS87, Ga90] see also [Wa84] ConTracts [WR92, 5 RSW92, G 93] Flex(ible) Transactions [ELLR90, Buk92, KPE92, LEB92] the Acta framework [CR90, CR91, CR92] the DOM model [Bu92, GHK93] and other ....

Brodie, M.L., Ridjanovic, D., On the Design and Specification of Database Transactions, in: M.L. Brodie, J. Mylopoulos, J.W. Schmidt (Eds.), On Conceptual Modeling, Springer, 1984

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M. Brodie and D. Ridjanovic. On the design and specification of database transactions. In M. L. Brodie, J. Mylopoulos, and J. W. Schmidt, editors, On Conceptual Modelling. Springer-Verlag, 1984.

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M.L. Brodie, D. Ridjanovic, On the Design and Specification of Database Transactions, in M.L Brodie, J. Mylopoulos, J.W. Smith (eds.), On conceptual Modeling, (Springer Verlag New York, 1984) 277-306

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Brodie, M.L. and D.Ridjanovic. On the design and specification of database transactions. In [Brodie et al 83]. , 1983.

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