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by R. Koch, L. E. Moser, P. M. Melliar-smith
http://beta.ece.ucsb.edu/~ruppert/ps/causal.ps.gz
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Abstract:
Causally order delivery of messages is a useful property for coordinatingthe activities of processors in a distributed system and for maintaining the consistency of replicated information. Timestamps in the messages can be used to impose a causal order on the delivery of messages using logical clocks or physical clocks. However, systems based on logical clocks experience a latency to message delivery that is larger than the channel latency between the most distant nodes in the system, which can be significant for systems spread over wide areas. In this paper, we present a protocol that delivers messages in system-wide causal order almost immediately after receipt, avoiding the additional latency due to causal ordering before delivery. The protocol is based on synchronized clocks, and assumes that the skew between any two clocks is less than the channel latency between the most distant nodes.
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