Phonology is the systematic study of the sounds used in language, their internal structure, and their composition into syllables, words and phrases. Computational phonology is the application of formal and computational techniques to the representation and processing of phonological information. This chapter will present the fundamentals of descriptive phonology along with a brief overview of computational phonology. 1.1 Phonological contrast, the phoneme, and distinctive features There is no limit to the number of distinct sounds that can be produced by the human vocal apparatus. However, this infinite variety is harnessed by human languages into sound systems consisting of a few dozen language-specific categories, or phonemes. An example of an English phoneme is t. English has a variety of t-like sounds, such as the aspirated t
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305
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The Sound Pattern of English
– Chomsky, Halle
- 1968
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120
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Intonational phonology
– Ladd
- 1996
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113
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Learnability in Optimality Theory
– Tesar, Smolensky
- 2000
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112
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Speech and Language Processing: An Introduction to
– Jurafsky, Martin
- 2000
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80
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Acoustic Phonetics
– Stevens
- 1999
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77
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Phonology in generative grammar
– KENSTOWICZ
- 1994
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76
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Sounds of the worlds languages
– Ladefoged, Maddieson
- 1996
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75
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Metrical Stress Theory: Principles and Case Studies
– Hayes
- 1995
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73
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A formal framework for linguistic annotation
– Bird, Liberman
- 1999
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56
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Functional Phonology: Formalizing the Interactions between Articulatory and Perceptual Drives. The Hague: Holland Academic Graphics
– Boersma
- 1998
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52
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Grounded Phonology
– Archangeli, Pulleyblank
- 1994
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52
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Nonconcatenative Finite-State Morphology
– Kay
- 1987
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51
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Efficient generation in Primitive Optimality Theory
– Eisner
- 1997
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49
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Optimality Theory
– Kager
- 1999
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40
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The proper treatment of optimality in computational phonology
– Karttunen
- 1998
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39
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Computational Phonology: A constraint-based approach
– Bird
- 1995
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38
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Phonological derivation in optimality theory
– Ellison
- 1994
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34
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On stress and linguistic rhythm. Linguistic Inquiry
– Liberman, Prince
- 1977
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32
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Principles of English stress
– Burzio
- 1994
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26
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Phonological analysis in typed feature systems
– Bird, Klein
- 1994
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25
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The syllable in phonological theory
– Blevins
- 1995
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24
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Formal Phonology
– Kornai
- 1995
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21
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Aspects of Underspecification Theory
– Archangeli
- 1988
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19
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Time Map Phonology: Finite State Models and Event Logics in Speech Recognition
– Carson-Berndsen
- 1998
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18
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One level phonology: autosegmental representations and rules as finite-state automata
– Ellison
- 1992
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18
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An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology
– Clark, Yallop
- 1995
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18
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Generative Phonology: Description and Theory
– Kenstowicz, Kisseberth
- 1979
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16
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Intonation systems: a survey of twenty languages
– Hirst, Cristo
- 1998
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16
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A Manual of Phonology
– Hockett
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15
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Multi-level annotation of speech: An overview of the emu speech database management system
– Cassidy, Harrington
- 2000
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15
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A Practical introduction to phonetics
– Catford
- 1988
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14
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Phonological and Phonetic Representation
– Pierrehumbert
- 1990
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13
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Phonological representations – their names, forms, and powers
– Coleman
- 1998
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13
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Computational Approach to Non-Linear Morphology
– Kiraz
- 1996
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13
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A Course in Phonology
– Roca, Johnson
- 1999
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10
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Optimality theory, an overview
– Archangeli, Langendoen
- 1997
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10
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Specification theory: The treatment of redundancy in generative phonology
– Broe
- 1993
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9
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The lexical phonology of Slovak
– Rubach
- 1993
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8
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The phonology of English: A prosodic optimality-theoretic approach
– Hammond
- 1999
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8
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Systematic parameterized complexity analysis in computational phonology
– Wareham
- 1999
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7
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Dschang syllable structure
– Bird
- 1999
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7
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Sounds and prosodies
– Firth
- 1948
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6
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An introduction to phonology
– Katamba
- 1989
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5
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Phonemics: A Technique for Reducing Language to Writing. Ann Arbor
– Pike
- 1947
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5
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Attribute-Value Phonology
– Scobbie
- 1991
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4
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Phonology in the Twentieth Century: Theories of Rules and Theories of Representations. The
– Anderson
- 1985
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4
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The Phonology and Morphology of Kimatuumbi. The Phonology of the World's Languages
– Odden
- 1996
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4
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Morphology and Computation. Natural Language Processing
– Sproat
- 1992
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3
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Immediate Constituents of Mazateco Syllables
– Pike, Pike
- 1947
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2
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The Phonology of Dutch. The Phonology of the World’s Languages
– Booij
- 1995
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