Active vision systems, and especially foveated vision systems, depend on efficient attentional mechanisms. We propose that machine visual attention should consist of both high level, context dependent components, and low level, context free components. As a basis for the context free component, we present an attention operator based on the intuitive notion of symmetry, which generalizes many of the existing methods for detecting regions of interest. It is a low level operator that can be applied successfully without a priori knowledge of the world. The resulting symmetry edge map can be applied in various low, intermediate and high level tasks, such as extraction of interest points, grouping and object recognition. In particular, we have implemented an algorithm which locates interest points in real time, and can be incorporated in active and purposive vision systems. The results agree with some psychophysical findings concerning symmetry as well as evidence concerning selection of fixation points. We demonstrate the performance of the transform on natural, cluttered images.
|
397
|
Animate Vision
– Ballard
- 1990
|
|
299
|
Active vision
– Aloimonos, Weiss, et al.
- 1987
|
|
257
|
Active perception
– Bajcsy
- 1988
|
|
230
|
Some informational aspects of visual perception
– Attneave
- 1954
|
|
179
|
Visual Routines
– Ullman
- 1984
|
|
136
|
Shape description using weighted symmetric axis features
– Blum, Nagel
- 1978
|
|
120
|
Towards Automatic Visual Obstacle Avoidance
– Moravec
- 1977
|
|
76
|
Smoothed local symmetries and their implementation
– Brady, Asada
- 1984
|
|
76
|
The attention system of the human brain
– Posner, Petersen
- 1990
|
|
57
|
Description and recognition of curved objects
– Nevatia, Binford
- 1977
|
|
40
|
On recognition of 3D objects from 2-D images
– Lamdan, JT, et al.
- 1988
|
|
37
|
Robust detection of facial features by generalized symmetry
– Reisfeld, Yeshurun
- 1992
|
|
36
|
Learning to Recognize Faces from Examples
– Edelman, Reisfeld, et al.
- 1992
|
|
35
|
On symmetry detection
– ATALLAH
- 1985
|
|
34
|
Two stages of curve detection suggest two styles of visual computation
– Zucker, Dobbins, et al.
- 1989
|
|
30
|
Design considerations for a space-variant visual sensor with complex-logarithmic geometry
– Rojer, Schwartz
- 1990
|
|
30
|
Skeletonization Via the Realization of the Fire Front’s Propagation and Extinction in Digital Binary Shapes
– Xia
- 1989
|
|
28
|
An attentional prototype for early vision
– Culhane, Tsotsos
- 1992
|
|
27
|
Surface Reconstruction by Dynamic Integration of Focus, Camera Vergence, and Stereo
– Abbott, Ahuja
- 1988
|
|
26
|
Detection of Interest Points Using Symmetry
– Reisfeld, Wolfson, et al.
- 1990
|
|
26
|
Where to look next using a Bayes net: Incorporating geometric relations
– Rimey, Brown
- 1992
|
|
23
|
Cognitive determinants of fixation location during picture viewing
– Loftus, Mackworth
- 1978
|
|
19
|
Mapping image properties into shape constraints: skewed symmetry, affine-transformable patterns, and the shape-from-texture paradigm
– Kanade, Kender
- 1983
|
|
19
|
Active detection and classification of junctions by foveation with a head-eye system guided by the scale-space primal sketch
– Brunnström, Lindeberg, et al.
- 1998
|
|
16
|
A measure of symmetry based on shape similarity
– Zabrodsky, Peleg, et al.
- 1992
|
|
13
|
Eye contact and face scanning in early infancy
– Haith, Bergman, et al.
- 1979
|
|
13
|
Shape description with a space-variant sensor: algorithms for scan-path, fusion and convergence over multiple scans
– Yeshurun, Schwartz
- 1989
|
|
13
|
Spontaneous fixation tendencies for visual forms
– Kaufman, Richards
|
|
9
|
3d symmetry-curvature duality theorems
– Yuille, Leyton
- 1990
|
|
7
|
Texture discrimination by local generalized symmetry
– Bonneh, Reisfeld, et al.
- 1993
|
|
7
|
Towards continuously operating integrated vision systems for robotics applications
– Crowley
- 1991
|
|
6
|
The time course of picture viewing
– Antes
- 1974
|
|
6
|
Symmetry catches the eye
– Locher, Nodine
- 1987
|
|
5
|
Understanding Shape: II. Symmetry
– Davis
- 1977
|
|
4
|
Generalized Symmetry Transforms: Attentional Mechanisms and Face Recognition
– Reisfeld
- 1994
|
|
3
|
Pattern recognition by detection of local symmetries
– Bigun
- 1988
|
|
3
|
Skeletonization via the realization of the re front's propagation and extinction in digital binary shapes
– Xia
- 1989
|
|
2
|
The development of strategies of of visual search, in eye movements
– Cohen
- 1981
|
|
2
|
On the detection of the axis of symmetry of symmetric and almost symmetric plannar images
– Marola
- 1989
|
|
2
|
Spontaneous ��xation tendencies for visual forms
– Kaufman, Richards
- 1969
|
|
2
|
Prolonged investigation of a plane geometric triangle by the human newborn
– Salapatek, Kessen
- 1973
|
|
2
|
Estimation of depth from motion using an antropomorphic visual sensor
– Tistarelli, Sandini
- 1990
|
|
1
|
Active detection and classi��cation of junctions by foveation with a head-eye system guided by the scale-space primal sketch
– Brunnstrome, Lindeberg, et al.
- 1992
|
|
1
|
Cognitive determinants of ��xation location during picture viewing. Human Perception and Performance
– Loftus, Mackworth
- 1978
|
|
