Is all face processing holistic? 2 There has been a great deal of progress, as well as controversy, in understanding how complex objects, in particular, human faces, are processed by the cortex. At the same time, sophisticated neural network models have been developed that do many of the same tasks required by these cortical areas. Such simplifying models allow us to explore hypotheses concerning relatively complex domains such as face processing. In this chapter, we give a somewhat idiosyncratic history of the development of neural network models of face processing, concentrating on work at UCSD, and show how these models have led to a novel hypothesis concerning processing of facial expression. While our models have suggested a role for holistic representations of faces in identi cation, general local features appear to be important in recognition of expression. Is all face processing holistic? 3
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3051
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Neural Networks for Pattern Recognition
– Bishop
- 1995
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2140
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Learning Internal Representations by Error Propagation
– Rumelhart, Hinton, et al.
- 1986
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1745
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Eigenfaces for Recognition
– Turk, Pentland
- 1991
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478
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View-based and modular eigenspaces for face recognition
– Pentland, Moghaddam, et al.
- 1994
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431
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Learning representation by back propagating errors
– Rumelhart, Hinton, et al.
- 1986
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358
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Uncertainty relation for resolution in space, spatial frequency, and orientation optimized by two-dimensional visual cortical filters
– Daugman
- 1985
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356
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The FERET Evaluation Methodology for Face-Recognition Algorithms
– Phillips, Moon, et al.
- 2000
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295
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A learning algorithm for Boltzmann Machines
– Ackley, Hinton, et al.
- 1985
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203
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The FERET database and evaluation procedure for facerecognition algorithms
– Phillips, Wechsler, et al.
- 1998
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184
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Coding analysis interpretation recognition of facial expressions
– Essa, Pentland
- 1997
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169
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Facial Action Coding System, Consulting Psychologists
– Ekman, Friesen
- 1978
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162
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Classifying facial actions
– Donato, Bartlett, et al.
- 1999
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142
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Neural networks and principal component analysis: learning from examples without local minima
– Baldi, Hornik
- 1989
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132
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Face recognition by elastic bunch graph matching
– Wiskott, Fellous, et al.
- 1997
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99
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Recognizing human facial expressions from long image sequences using optical flow
– Yacoob, Davis
- 1996
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80
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Categorical perception: The groundwork of cognition
– Harnad
- 1987
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65
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Speech Perception by Ear and Eye. A Paradigm for Psychological Inquiry
– Massaro
- 1987
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47
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Automated face analysis by feature point tracking has high concurrent validity with manual facs coding
– Cohn, Zlochower, et al.
- 1999
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43
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Face recognition using unsupervised feature extraction
– Cottrell, Fleming
- 1990
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41
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Image Analysis by Unsupervised Learning
– Bartlett
- 2001
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30
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Bayesian Face Recognition using Deformable Intensity Surfaces
– Moghaddam, Nastar, et al.
- 1996
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29
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Categorization of faces using unsupervised feature extraction
– Fleming, Cottrell
- 1990
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26
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Empath: Face, gender and emotion recognition using holons
– Cottrell, Metcalfe
- 1991
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25
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Size and distortion invariant object recognition by hierarchical graph matching
– Buhmann, Lades, et al.
- 1990
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23
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Connectionist Neuropsychology: The Breakdown and Recovery of Behavior in Lesioned Attractor Networks
– Plaut
- 1991
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21
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Principal components analysis of images via back propagation
– Cottrell, Munro
- 1988
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20
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in press), Learning continuous probability distributions with symmetric diffusion, networks
– Cambridge, Movellan, et al.
- 1991
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18
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Learning viewpoint-invariant face representations from visual experience in an attractor network
– Bartlett, Sejnowski
- 1998
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17
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Categorical perception of morphed facial expressions
– Calder, Young, et al.
- 1996
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17
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The Bochum/USC Face Recognition System and how it fared
– Okada, Steffans, et al.
- 1998
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17
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Identifying emotion in static face images
– Padgett, Cottrell
- 1995
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16
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Matching and recognition using deformable intensity surfaces
– Nastar, Pentland
- 1995
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14
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Impaired recognition of emotion in facial expressions following bilateral damage to the human amygdala
– Adolphs, Tranel, et al.
- 1994
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13
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Extracting features from faces using compression networks: Face, identity, emotion and gender recognition using holons
– Cottrell
- 1990
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11
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Physical and psychological representations of faces: Evidence from morphing
– Busey
- 1998
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11
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An evaluation of the two-dimensional Gabor lter model of receptive elds in cat striate cortex
– Jones, Palmer
- 1987
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10
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Neural and psychophysical analysis of object and face recognition
– Biederman, Kalocsai
- 1998
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7
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Intact recognition of facial expression, gender, and age in patients with impaired recognition of face identity
– Tranel, Damasio, et al.
- 1988
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6
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Fear and the human amygdala
– Adolphs, Tranel, et al.
- 1995
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6
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Categorical perception as an acquired phenomenon: What are the implications
– Beale, Keil
- 1995
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5
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Featural evaluation, integration, and judgment of facial affect
– Ellison, Massaro
- 1997
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5
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Categorical perception of facial expressions
– L, Magee
- 1992
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5
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Facial expression megamix: Tests of dimensional and category accounts of emotion recognition
– Young, Rowland, et al.
- 1997
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4
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On seeing forms
– Uttal
- 1988
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3
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Pictures of Facial A ect. Consulting Psychologists
– Ekman, Friesen
- 1976
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3
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Combining image degradations in a recognition task
– Uttal, Baruch, et al.
- 1995
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2
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What is \special" about face perception
– Farah, Wilson, et al.
- 1998
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2
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A circumplex model of a ect
– Russell
- 1980
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1
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face processing holistic? 60
– all
- 1994
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1
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A statistical-analysis of natural images matches psychophysically derived orientation tuning curves
– Baddeley, Hancock
- 1991
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